A nurse admits an older patient to the emergency room with reports of shortness of breath on exertion and a productive cough.
The nurse reviews the patient's current medications and the patient says, “I take one pink pill every morning.”. The nurse asks the name of the drug and the patient says she doesn’t know.
The patient cannot supply the name of the drug or the purpose of taking it either.
This happens with four other medications the patient says she takes.
What is an appropriate nursing diagnosis for this patient?

Choice A rationale

Glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic medication that reduces secretions in the mouth, throat, and airways but is not typically used for bronchospasm associated with COPD.

Choice B rationale

Ipratropium is an anticholinergic bronchodilator that is commonly used to treat bronchospasm associated with COPD. It works by relaxing the muscles around the airways to improve breathing.

Choice C rationale

Atropine is an anticholinergic medication used to treat bradycardia and reduce secretions but is not indicated for bronchospasm associated with COPD.

Choice D rationale

Flavoxate is a urinary antispasmodic used to relieve symptoms of bladder spasms but has no role in the treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD.

Choice A rationale

ACE inhibitors can cause teratogenic effects, meaning they can harm a developing fetus. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid pregnancy while taking these drugs.

Choice B rationale

Spermicidal jellies alone are not a highly reliable form of contraception. For women taking ACE inhibitors, a more reliable method of contraception is recommended to prevent pregnancy.

Choice C rationale

The minipill, a progestin-only contraceptive, is not the contraceptive of choice when the risk of teratogenic effects from ACE inhibitors is considered. Barrier methods are preferred to avoid potential drug interactions.

Choice D rationale

Barrier contraception, such as condoms or diaphragms, is recommended for women taking ACE inhibitors to prevent pregnancy due to the teratogenic risk associated with these drugs.