A nurse is caring for four clients for whom she has to administer oral medications in the morning. The nurse should administer which of the following medications before breakfast?

A. You do not need to lose consciousness to suffer a concussion.

This statement is true. Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that can occur without loss of consciousness. Many concussions happen without the person losing consciousness at all.

B. You will suffer permanent brain damage.

This statement is not necessarily true. While some concussions can lead to lasting effects, not all cases result in permanent brain damage. The severity and long-term effects of a concussion can vary widely.

C. We encourage fluids after a concussion.

This statement is true. Adequate hydration is important after a concussion. Staying hydrated can help support the brain's recovery process.

D. Bleeding always occurs with a concussion.

This statement is not true. Concussion is defined by the disruption of normal brain function due to a blow or jolt to the head or body, and bleeding is not always a necessary component of a concussion. However, more severe head injuries could involve bleeding and would not be classified as just a concussion.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels. Since the question is about teaching an adolescent with type 1 diabetes, let's analyze each option:

A) Obtain an influenza vaccine annually:

This is a crucial recommendation. People with diabetes, including type 1 diabetes, have a higher risk of complications from infections, including influenza (the flu). The flu can lead to elevated blood sugar levels and potentially worsen diabetes control. Getting an annual influenza vaccine helps reduce the risk of getting the flu and its associated complications.

B) Take glyburide with breakfast:

Glyburide is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes. It stimulates the pancreas to produce more insulin. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production, so taking glyburide would not be appropriate.

C) Administer glucagon for hyperglycemia:

Glucagon is a hormone used to raise blood sugar levels, typically in cases of severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). It is not used to treat hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in type 1 diabetes. Instead, insulin administration is the primary method for managing high blood sugar levels.

D) Inject insulin in the deltoid muscle:

Insulin injections for individuals with type 1 diabetes are typically given in the subcutaneous fat, which is found just beneath the skin. The deltoid muscle is not a recommended site for insulin injections due to inconsistent absorption. The abdomen, thighs, and buttocks are commonly recommended injection sites.