A nurse is collecting data from a client who has been admitted with manifestations of paranoia. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a risk factor for schizophrenia?

Choice A reason: Hypoactive bowel sounds can indicate a variety of gastrointestinal issues, but they are not typically associated with haloperidol use. While it is important to monitor bowel sounds, it is not the priority in this context.

Choice B reason: Dry mouth is a common side effect of many medications, including haloperidol. While it can be uncomfortable for the client, it is not usually a serious concern and can be managed with hydration and other supportive measures.

Choice C reason: Constant opening and closing of the mouth, also known as tardive dyskinesia, is a serious side effect of haloperidol and other antipsychotic medications. This condition involves involuntary muscle movements and can be irreversible. It is crucial to report this finding to the provider immediately for assessment and potential adjustment of the medication regimen.

Choice D reason: Photosensitivity is not a common side effect of haloperidol. While it is important to monitor for any new or unusual symptoms, photosensitivity is not typically associated with this medication.

Choice A reason: Response prevention is a technique often used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This approach involves preventing the client from engaging in the compulsive behavior they typically perform in response to an anxiety-producing obsession. While effective for OCD, this technique is not typically used for treating specific phobias like the fear of elevators.

Choice B reason: Systematic desensitization is an effective behavioral strategy for decreasing anxiety related to specific phobias. This method involves gradually exposing the client to the feared object or situation—in this case, elevators—in a controlled and progressive manner while teaching relaxation techniques. By slowly and systematically confronting the phobia, the client can learn to reduce their anxiety response over time. This approach helps them manage their fear more effectively and builds their confidence in facing the phobic situation.

Choice C reason: Thought stopping is a cognitive-behavioral technique used to interrupt and prevent distressing thoughts. The client is trained to recognize these thoughts and use a specific action or command, such as saying "Stop" out loud, to halt the negative thought process. While this technique can be helpful for managing anxiety and intrusive thoughts, it is not the primary behavioral strategy for treating specific phobias.

Choice D reason: Flooding, also known as exposure therapy, involves exposing the client to the phobic situation in an intense and prolonged manner until their anxiety diminishes. This approach can be effective but is often overwhelming and can cause significant distress. It requires careful supervision and is not typically the first-line treatment for specific phobias due to the potential for causing trauma or exacerbating the fear.