A nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient on a ventilator, to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. The nurse recognizes that which of the following interventions should be included? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale
Performing an opening move is an initial step in the negotiation process where each party presents their initial demands or offers. This is not the step the nurse manager is using in this scenario.
Choice B rationale
Continuing the negotiation involves ongoing discussions and adjustments to reach a mutually beneficial agreement. This is not the step the nurse manager is using in this scenario.
Choice C rationale
Clarifying the problem involves understanding and defining the issues at hand. While this is an important step in the negotiation process, it is not the step the nurse manager is using in this scenario.
Choice D rationale
Setting ground rules involves establishing the guidelines for how the negotiation will be conducted. In this scenario, the nurse manager is setting ground rules by inviting the staff to each take a turn speaking and requesting that everyone listen respectfully and refrain from making personal or professional comments about one another.

Choice A rationale
While ensuring that nurses demonstrate competency by passing a medication administration test is important, it is not the first step in developing a program to decrease medication administration errors. This strategy focuses on the individual skills of the nurses, but does not address the systemic issues that may have contributed to the errors.
Choice B rationale
Reviewing the circumstances leading up to each medication error is the first step in understanding why the errors occurred. This process allows the committee to identify patterns and common factors that contribute to errors. It is a crucial step in the development of effective strategies to prevent future errors.
Choice C rationale
Developing a quality improvement program for nurses involved in medication errors is a strategy that could be implemented after understanding the root causes of the errors. This approach ensures that the program addresses the specific issues that led to the errors.
Choice D rationale
Conducting an in-service training on medication administration for all nurses is a valuable strategy for preventing medication errors. However, it should be based on the findings from the review of the circumstances leading up to each error. Therefore, it is not the first strategy to consider.