A nurse is discussing cardiovascular changes during pregnancy with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following information should the nurse include?
Blood pressure values 10% above pre-pregnancy values
Heart rate increases by 10 to 15 above pre-pregnancy values
Increased blood viscosity
Decreased cardiac workload
The Correct Answer is B
A. Blood pressure typically decreases slightly during the second trimester due to hormonal effects causing vasodilation, and it generally does not rise above pre-pregnancy levels in healthy pregnancies.
B. The heart rate increases by about 10 to 15 beats per minute to meet the increased oxygen demands of the growing fetus and placenta.
C. Blood viscosity does not increase during pregnancy; rather, the plasma volume expands significantly, leading to hemodilution and a decrease in blood viscosity.
D. Cardiac workload increases during pregnancy due to the expanded blood volume and increased cardiac output required to support maternal and fetal needs.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Sperm production is temperature-sensitive, and the testes require a slightly cooler environment than the rest of the body. Increased warmth, such as from tight clothing, prolonged sitting, or heat exposure, can impair spermatogenesis.
B. The size of the penis and testes is not directly correlated with sperm production. The functionality of the testes, not their size, determines sperm output.
C. Infrequent sexual intercourse can affect fertility by decreasing opportunities for conception but does not directly decrease sperm production.
D. Circumcision status does not affect sperm production, as it primarily pertains to hygiene and the prevention of certain infections.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The maternal-fetal circulation is established by 12 weeks of gestation, allowing oxygen and nutrients to be exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta.
B. Lanugo begins developing around 20 weeks and starts to disappear closer to week 36, rather than covering the entire body at that time.
C. Fetal movement (quickening) is usually felt between 16-20 weeks, not as late as 24 weeks.
D. The sex of the baby is determined at conception, but external genitalia do not fully differentiate until around 12-14 weeks, not at 8 weeks.
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