A nurse is discussing sleep-related movement disorders with a client. Select all of the following factors that can contribute to restless legs syndrome (RLS).

Choice A rationale:

Frequent sleepwalking is not often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Sleepwalking is a separate sleep disorder that involves engaging in complex behaviors while still asleep. OSA is characterized by breathing interruptions during sleep, which is different from the behaviors seen in sleepwalking.

Choice B rationale:

Experiencing night terrors is not commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Night terrors are intense episodes of fear or dread during sleep, often accompanied by screaming and physical agitation. OSA is primarily characterized by breathing disturbances during sleep rather than emotional distress.

Choice C rationale:

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is not typically associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). RLS is a neurological disorder characterized by an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. OSA, on the other hand, involves the obstruction of airflow during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing.

Choice D rationale:

Pauses in breathing (apnea) during sleep are often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). OSA is characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to temporary pauses in breathing. These pauses can cause oxygen levels to drop and disrupt the sleep cycle, resulting in fragmented sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness.

Choice A rationale:

Sleep deprivation has been extensively studied and is known to have significant negative effects on cognitive function. Reduced attention span and memory are some of the primary impacts of sleep deprivation. Sleep is essential for consolidating memories and maintaining optimal cognitive performance. Lack of sleep impairs the brain's ability to focus, process information, and recall memories effectively.

Choice B rationale:

Enhanced immune function is not a potential impact of sleep deprivation. In fact, sleep deprivation can weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and illnesses. During deep sleep, the immune system releases cytokines and other protective compounds to combat inflammation and infections. Sleep deprivation disrupts this process, leading to immune system dysfunction.

Choice C rationale:

Altered mood and behavior is a correct potential impact of sleep deprivation. Sleep plays a crucial role in regulating mood and emotional well-being. Sleep-deprived individuals are more likely to experience mood swings, irritability, anxiety, and even depression. The brain's ability to regulate emotions is compromised due to inadequate sleep.

Choice D rationale:

Increased sexual function is not a potential impact of sleep deprivation. In fact, sleep deprivation can lead to decreased sexual desire and function. Hormonal imbalances caused by lack of sleep can negatively affect reproductive health and sexual performance.

Choice E rationale:

Impaired judgment and decision-making is a correct potential impact of sleep deprivation. Sleep-deprived individuals often struggle with making sound judgments and decisions. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher-order cognitive functions, is particularly affected by sleep loss. This can result in poor decision-making, impulsivity, and decreased ability to assess risks accurately.