Which type of cell death causes the least damage to cells that are nearby?

Choice A: Decreased Respirations

Decreased respirations, or a slower breathing rate, are not typically associated with acute stress. In fact, acute stress often leads to an increase in respiratory rate as part of the body’s “fight or flight” response. This response is mediated by the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body to respond to a perceived threat by increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure.

Choice B: Tachycardia

Tachycardia, or an increased heart rate, is a common indicator of acute stress. When an individual experiences acute stress, the body releases stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones stimulate the heart to beat faster, providing more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and brain to prepare for a rapid response to the stressor. Tachycardia is a hallmark of the acute stress response and can be easily measured by checking the pulse.

Choice C: Hair Loss

Hair loss is generally associated with chronic stress rather than acute stress. Chronic stress can lead to conditions such as telogen effluvium, where hair follicles enter a resting phase and hair falls out more easily. However, this process takes time and is not an immediate response to acute stress. Therefore, hair loss is not a reliable indicator of acute stress.

Choice D: Pupil Constriction

Pupil constriction, or miosis, is not typically associated with acute stress. In fact, acute stress usually causes pupil dilation (mydriasis) as part of the “fight or flight” response. Dilated pupils allow more light to enter the eyes, improving vision and awareness of the surroundings. Pupil constriction is more commonly associated with relaxation or the body’s “rest and digest” state, mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Choice A Reason:

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a role in regulating body temperature. It does this by controlling the dilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin, which helps to dissipate or conserve heat as needed. Therefore, the statement that the SNS regulates body temperature is correct.

Choice B Reason:

The SNS is crucial in regulating the cardiovascular system. It increases heart rate and the force of heart contractions, and it also causes vasoconstriction, which raises blood pressure. This statement is accurate and does not indicate a need for further teaching.

Choice C Reason:

This is the correct answer. The SNS generally inhibits digestive functions during the “fight-or-flight” response. It reduces blood flow to the digestive organs, decreases peristalsis, and inhibits digestive secretions. Therefore, the statement that the SNS regulates digestive functions is incorrect and indicates a need for further teaching.

Choice D Reason:

The SNS is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to perceived threats. This includes increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores. This statement is correct and does not indicate a need for further teaching.