A nurse is planning care for a child who has a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which of the following interventions should the nurse include?

Choice A reason: It is important to empty the bladder completely to prevent urine from remaining in the bladder, which can promote bacterial growth. However, this choice is not specific to teaching and is a general practice for anyone.

Choice B reason: Wearing cotton underpants is recommended because cotton is breathable and reduces moisture buildup, which can create an environment conducive to bacterial growth. The normal range for breathability in fabrics is not quantifiable but is a qualitative characteristic.

Choice C reason: Wiping from front to back helps prevent the spread of bacteria from the anal area to the urethra, which can reduce the risk of UTI. This is a key teaching point for preventing UTI recurrence.

Choice D reason: Bubble baths can irritate the urethral opening and are associated with an increased risk of UTIs, especially in children. Avoiding them is a preventive measure that should be included in the teaching.

Choice E reason: Watching for manifestations of infection, such as fever, pain, or changes in urine, is crucial for early detection and treatment of UTIs. Parents should be taught to monitor these signs closely.

Choice A reason: The inability to retract foreskin is not typically associated with epispadias. This condition is characterized by the urethral opening being on the dorsal side of the penis.

Choice B reason: In epispadias, the urethral opening is located on the dorsal side of the penis, which is a key characteristic of this condition.

Choice C reason: A widened pubic symphysis is often seen in epispadias due to the associated pelvic bone structure abnormalities.

Choice D reason: Bladder exstrophy is commonly associated with epispadias and involves the bladder being exposed outside the abdomen.