A nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of nurses about human immunodeficiency virus infection. Which of the following would the nurse include as the major means of transmission responsible for almost all new HIV infections in the infant population?
Exposure to contaminated body fluid
Mother-to-child transmission
Blood transfusions
Sharing of infected needles
The Correct Answer is B
A. Exposure to contaminated body fluid:
HIV can be transmitted through exposure to contaminated body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. However, in the context of infants, mother-to-child transmission is the primary mode of concern.
B. Mother-to-child transmission:
Mother-to-child transmission, also known as perinatal or vertical transmission, is the major means of HIV transmission in infants. It can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding when the virus is passed from an HIV-positive mother to her child.
C. Blood transfusions:
While HIV transmission through blood transfusions was a concern in the past, current blood screening and testing procedures have significantly reduced this risk. It is not a major means of transmission in the infant population.
D. Sharing of infected needles:
The sharing of infected needles is a risk factor for HIV transmission among individuals who use injection drugs. However, this mode of transmission is not relevant to infants, as they are not typically exposed to such risk factors.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. The nurse applies elbow restraints to the infant:
The use of elbow restraints is not a standard intervention for impetigo. Restraints are typically used for specific medical reasons, such as preventing the infant from interfering with medical equipment or procedures. It is not the highest priority in managing impetigo.
B. The nurse soaks the skin with warm water:
Soaking the skin with warm water can help in keeping the affected areas clean and promoting healing, but it is not the highest priority when considering the prevention of the spread of impetigo.
C. The nurse follows contact precautions:
Following contact precautions is the highest priority when dealing with impetigo. Since impetigo is highly contagious, implementing contact precautions, such as wearing appropriate PPE, is crucial to prevent the spread of the infection within the hospital setting.
D. The nurse applies topical antibiotics to the lesions:
Applying topical antibiotics is an important part of the treatment for impetigo. It helps to eliminate the bacterial infection and promote healing. However, while important, it is not the highest priority compared to preventing the spread of the infection through contact precautions.
Correct Answer is ["0.1696"]
Explanation
To calculate the ordered dose by the physician in mg/kg/dose, we need to convert the infant's weight from pounds and ounces to kilograms. One pound is equal to 0.4536 kg and one ounce is equal to 0.02835 kg. Therefore, the infant's weight in kilograms is:
6 x 0.4536 + 3 x 0.02835 = 2.948 kg
The ordered dose by the physician is 0.5 mg IV q 2 hours prn. To find the dose in mg/kg/dose, we divide the dose in mg by the weight in kg:
0.5 / 2.948 = 0.1696 mg/kg/dose
The recommended dosage for a child is 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/dose q2-4 hours prn. The ordered dose by the physician falls within this range, so it is a safe dosage for the infant.
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