A nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of nurses about human immunodeficiency virus infection. Which of the following would the nurse include as the major means of transmission responsible for almost all new HIV infections in the infant population?
Exposure to contaminated body fluid
Mother-to-child transmission
Blood transfusions
Sharing of infected needles
The Correct Answer is B
A. Exposure to contaminated body fluid:
HIV can be transmitted through exposure to contaminated body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. However, in the context of infants, mother-to-child transmission is the primary mode of concern.
B. Mother-to-child transmission:
Mother-to-child transmission, also known as perinatal or vertical transmission, is the major means of HIV transmission in infants. It can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding when the virus is passed from an HIV-positive mother to her child.
C. Blood transfusions:
While HIV transmission through blood transfusions was a concern in the past, current blood screening and testing procedures have significantly reduced this risk. It is not a major means of transmission in the infant population.
D. Sharing of infected needles:
The sharing of infected needles is a risk factor for HIV transmission among individuals who use injection drugs. However, this mode of transmission is not relevant to infants, as they are not typically exposed to such risk factors.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The child has the beginning signs of tooth eruption:
Teething usually begins around 4-7 months of age, so the beginning signs of tooth eruption (teething) are typical at six months.
B. The child is able to track and follow objects:
By six months, most infants can track and follow objects with their eyes, which is a normal developmental milestone for this age.
C. The child’s anterior fontanel is open:
The anterior fontanelle, the soft spot at the top of the baby's head, remains open until around 18-24 months of age, so its presence at six months is expected and considered normal.
D. The child’s posterior fontanel is open.
By six months of age, the posterior fontanelle, the soft spot located at the back of the baby's head, typically closes or is significantly smaller than it was at birth. The posterior fontanelle usually closes between 2 to 4 months of age in most infants. If it remains noticeably open by six months, it might warrant further evaluation as it could be indicative of a developmental or medical issue.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Calmly tell the child to stop:
While remaining calm is important, simply telling the child to stop might not be effective during a tantrum. Toddlers experiencing a meltdown might not respond immediately to verbal commands.
B. Distract the child by buying a toy:
Using material objects to distract a child during a tantrum might reinforce the behavior by rewarding it with something desired. It's also not always feasible to buy a toy instantly.
C. Appear to ignore them:
This strategy might involve not engaging directly with the tantrum, which could sometimes help to de-escalate the situation. However, it's crucial to ensure the child is in a safe environment and to offer support if necessary.
D. Place the child in time-out for 3 min:
Time-out can be a useful method for calming down a child. However, its effectiveness depends on the child's age, temperament, and the consistency of applying this method. Time-out might not be suitable for all children, especially for a 2-year-old who might not fully understand the concept.
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