A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has a new diagnosis of angina pectoris. Which of the following information should the nurse include about anginal pain?

Choice A: Carvedilol is not a medication that interacts with contrast material and places the client at risk for acute kidney injury. Carvedilol is a beta-blocker that lowers blood pressure and heart rate by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels. Carvedilol does not affect kidney function or contrast excretion, but it can cause hypotension, bradycardia, or heart failure in some clients.

Choice B: Nitroglycerin is not a medication that interacts with contrast material and places the client at risk for acute kidney injury. Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels and increases blood flow to the heart. Nitroglycerin does not affect kidney function or contrast excretion, but it can cause hypotension, headache, or flushing in some clients.

Choice C: Atorvastatin is not a medication that interacts with contrast material and places the client at risk for acute kidney injury. Atorvastatin is a statin that lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting an enzyme that produces cholesterol in the liver. Atorvastatin does not affect kidney function or contrast excretion, but it can cause liver damage, muscle pain, or rhabdomyolysis in some clients.

Choice D: Metformin is a medication that interacts with contrast material and places the client at risk for acute kidney injury. Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug that lowers blood glucose levels by decreasing hepatic glucose production and increasing insulin sensitivity. Metformin can accumulate in the kidneys and cause lactic acidosis, a life-threatening condition characterized by high levels of lactic acid in the blood. Contrast material can worsen kidney function and increase the risk of lactic acidosis in clients taking metformin. Therefore, metformin should be discontinued before and after the procedure as prescribed.

Choice A Reason: This is correct. The nurse should remove both of the elastic bandages from the leg, as they can impair blood flow and increase tissue damage. The nurse should also elevate the leg and keep it immobile to reduce venom absorption.

Choice B Reason: This is incorrect. The nurse should not discharge the client, as they may develop serious complications from the snake bite, such as swelling, bleeding, infection, or shock. The client should be monitored closely and treated accordingly.

Choice C Reason: This is incorrect. The nurse should not obtain a prescription for the appropriate anti-venom, as this is not within their scope of practice. The nurse should notify the physician and provide supportive care until the physician arrives and decides whether to administer anti-venom or not.

Choice D Reason: This is incorrect. The nurse should not obtain a prescription for pain medication, as this may mask the symptoms of venom toxicity or cause adverse reactions with anti-venom. The nurse should use non- pharmacological methods to relieve pain, such as ice packs or distraction.