A nurse is reinforcing teaching to a group of nursing students about causes of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select All that Apply.)

A. Severe myopia: Severe myopia, or nearsightedness, is not a typical manifestation of Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease primarily affects the inner ear and is characterized by symptoms related to balance and hearing rather than vision.

B. Vertigo: Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo, which is a sensation of spinning or dizziness. Vertigo is a hallmark symptom of Meniere's disease and is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear.

C. Anosmia: Anosmia refers to a loss of the sense of smell and is not typically associated with Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease primarily affects the vestibular system (balance) and auditory system (hearing) rather than the sense of smell.

D. Photopsia: Photopsia refers to the perception of flashes of light in the visual field and is not a typical manifestation of Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease primarily affects the inner ear and is not directly related to visual disturbances.

A. Relocation stress syndrome: Relocation stress syndrome refers to the physical and psychological symptoms experienced by individuals when they are moved from one environment to another, such as transitioning to a new residence or healthcare facility. While relocation stress syndrome can cause agitation and confusion in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, the scenario provided does not indicate a recent relocation.

B. Wandering: Wandering is a common behavior observed in individuals with dementia, where they aimlessly roam or wander in their environment. While wandering may be associated with agitation and restlessness, the scenario does not describe the client physically moving around or attempting to leave their home.

C. Sundowning: Sundowning refers to a phenomenon commonly observed in individuals with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, where they experience increased agitation, confusion, and restlessness in the late afternoon or early evening hours. Sundowning behaviors can include pacing, agitation, anxiety, irritability, confusion, and difficulty sleeping. The exact cause of sundowning is not fully understood but may be related to factors such as fatigue, sensory overload, hormonal imbalances, or disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle. Managing sundowning behaviors often involves creating a calming environment, maintaining a consistent daily routine, minimizing stimuli in the evening, and providing reassurance and comfort to the individual.

D. Depression: Depression can occur in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and may present with symptoms such as sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, and difficulty concentrating. However, the scenario primarily describes agitation and restlessness in the evening hours, which is characteristic of sundowning rather than depression.