A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse determines that teaching has been effective when the client identifies which of the following manifestations of hypoglycemia? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A: Place the client on his back. This is incorrect because the client should be placed in a sitting position with the head of the bed elevated to 30 to 45 degrees. This allows the fluid to accumulate in the lower abdomen and reduces the risk of puncturing the diaphragm.

Choice B: Have the client increase fluid intake after the procedure. This is also incorrect because the client should restrict fluid intake after the procedure to prevent fluid overload and electrolyte imbalance. The nurse should monitor the client’s intake and output, weight, and vital signs.

Choice C: Assure the client that the procedure is painless. This is not true because the client may experience some discomfort or pressure during the insertion of the needle or catheter. The nurse should administer analgesics as prescribed and provide emotional support.

Choice D: Instruct the client to empty his bladder. This is correct because this reduces the risk of bladder injury during the procedure. The nurse should also measure and record the amount of urine voided.

Choice A: Weigh the client weekly. This is incorrect because the client receiving PN should be weighed daily, not weekly, to monitor fluid balance and nutritional status. The nurse should also measure the client’s intake and output, blood glucose, electrolytes, and other laboratory values daily.

Choice B: Reduce the rate of the solution gradually to discontinue. This is correct because the nurse should taper off the PN solution slowly to prevent rebound hypoglycemia, which can occur when the high concentration of glucose in the PN solution is abruptly stopped. The nurse should follow the provider’s orders or the facility’s protocol for reducing and discontinuing PN.

Choice C: Remove solution from refrigerator 2 hr before infusion. This is incorrect because the nurse should remove the PN solution from the refrigerator 30 to 60 minutes before infusion, not 2 hr, to allow it to reach room temperature. Infusing a cold solution can cause discomfort, vasoconstriction, and impaired absorption of nutrients.

Choice D: Shake the solution before hanging if there is a layer of fat present on the top. This is incorrect because the nurse should not shake the PN solution at all, as this can cause fat emulsion droplets to coalesce and form large particles that can clog the filter or cause embolism. The nurse should gently invert or roll the PN solution container to mix it if there is any separation of components.