A nurse is reviewing a client's laboratory results and sees that their hemoglobin A1C is 9%. Which of the following statements from the nurse is appropriate?

"Your blood sugar is very unstable."

"Your blood sugar is too high after meals."

"Your average blood sugar is high."

"You have many dangerously low blood sugar levels."

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. "Your blood sugar is very unstable." While high HbA1C levels can indicate poor glucose control, they do not specifically indicate instability in blood sugar levels (i.e., frequent fluctuations between high and low levels). HbA1C does not capture short-term variations in blood glucose; it only provides an average over a few months.

B. "Your blood sugar is too high after meals." Although postprandial (after-meal) glucose levels contribute to overall blood glucose levels, HbA1C measures the average blood glucose level over several months and is not specific to postprandial glucose levels. A high HbA1C suggests elevated glucose levels overall, not just after meals.

C. "Your average blood sugar is high." HbA1C measures the average blood sugar level over an extended period, typically 2-3 months. A result of 9% indicates that the client's average blood glucose levels have been consistently high, suggesting poor long-term glucose control. This is a precise and appropriate statement reflecting the meaning of the HbA1C result.

D. "You have many dangerously low blood sugar levels." A high HbA1C indicates elevated blood glucose levels over time, not low levels. Low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) would not contribute to a high HbA1C. In fact, frequent hypoglycemia would more likely result in a lower HbA1C, not a higher one.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Hypotension: Hypotension is not a typical sign of hypoxemia during an asthma attack. Hypoxemia primarily affects the respiratory and central nervous systems rather than causing direct cardiovascular symptoms like low blood pressure.

B. Nausea: Nausea is not a common manifestation of hypoxemia during an asthma attack. It can occur in many different conditions but is not specifically related to hypoxemia or asthma.

C. Dysphagia: Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is unrelated to hypoxemia and asthma. It is typically associated with conditions affecting the esophagus or throat.

D. Agitation: Agitation is a common manifestation of hypoxemia because low oxygen levels in the blood can affect brain function, leading to anxiety, restlessness, and agitation. During an asthma attack, inadequate oxygenation can cause significant distress and changes in mental status.

A. Chronic cough B. Sputum production C. Dyspnea D. Wheezing E. Chest tightness

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. Chronic cough: Chronic cough is a hallmark symptom of COPD. It results from inflammation and increased mucus production in the airways, leading to a persistent cough that often produces sputum.

B. Sputum production: Sputum production is common in COPD due to chronic bronchitis, which is part of the disease spectrum. It reflects the ongoing inflammation and irritation of the airways.

C. Dyspnea: Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a primary symptom of COPD. It occurs due to airflow limitation and reduced lung capacity, making it difficult for the patient to breathe, especially during physical activity.

D. Wheezing: Wheezing can occur in COPD as a result of narrowed airways due to inflammation and mucus build-up. It is a common but not universally present symptom.

B. Sputum production: Sputum production is common in COPD due to chronic bronchitis, which is part of the disease spectrum. It reflects the ongoing inflammation and irritation of the airways.

D. Wheezing: Wheezing can occur in COPD as a result of narrowed airways due to inflammation and mucus build-up. It is a common but not universally present symptom.

E. Chest tightness: Chest tightness is also a common symptom of COPD, reflecting the discomfort and difficulty in breathing caused by the constriction and inflammation of the airways.

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A nurse is reviewing a client's laboratory results and sees that their hemoglobin A1C is 9%. Which of the following statements from the nurse is appropriate?

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