A nurse is reviewing the laboratory test results for a male client who has an elevated temperature. The nurse should identify which of the following findings is a manifestation of dehydration?

A. Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a primary decrease in bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels, which is not typically a direct result of COPD. However, if a patient with COPD has an additional condition like kidney failure or severe sepsis, they could potentially develop metabolic acidosis. But, this is not the primary concern in COPD.
B. Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, where there is excessive loss of CO₂ leading to an increase in blood pH. This is less common in COPD patients, as they typically have difficulty exhaling CO₂ rather than hyperventilating.
C. Metabolic alkalosis involves an increase in blood pH due to elevated bicarbonate levels or loss of acid. This is not typically associated with COPD, unless there is an unrelated condition causing metabolic alkalosis.
D. COPD is characterized by impaired airflow and reduced ability to expel carbon dioxide (CO₂) effectively. As CO₂ accumulates in the blood, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which lowers the blood pH, leading to respiratory acidosis.

A. Obesity does not selectively affect only certain types of surgical procedures; rather, it generally increases the risk of complications across a wide range of surgical interventions. This includes both elective and emergency surgeries.
B. Obesity significantly impacts surgical risk. It is associated with a higher likelihood of complications such as wound infections, delayed wound healing, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular issues. The presence of excess body fat affects multiple physiological systems and can complicate both the surgical procedure and recovery.
C. Obesity does not decrease the risk of surgical complications; rather, it increases it. The excess body fat associated with obesity can lead to problems such as impaired wound healing, increased risk of infection, cardiovascular strain, and respiratory issues, which all contribute to a higher risk of complications during and after surgery.
D. This statement accurately reflects the relationship between obesity and surgical risk. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of a variety of surgical complications.