A nurse is teaching a client who has a history of allergic rhinitis about the mechanism of type I hypersensitivity. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?
"Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgG antibodies to antigens on the surface of target cells."
"Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the deposition of immune complexes in the tissues and blood vessels."
"Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the activation of cytotoxic T cells that destroy the cells expressing foreign antigens."
"Type I hypersensitivity is caused by the cross-linking of IgE antibodies to mast cells and basophils that release histamine and other mediators."
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Type II hypersensitivity is caused by the binding of IgG or IgM antibodies to antigens on the surface of target cells. This leads to complement activation, opsonization, phagocytosis, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of the target cells. It is seen in conditions such as hemolytic anemia, transfusion reactions, or Graves' disease.
Choice B reason: Type III hypersensitivity is caused by the deposition of immune complexes in the tissues and blood vessels. This leads to complement activation, inflammation, and tissue damage. It is seen in conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, or serum sickness.
Choice C reason: Type IV hypersensitivity is caused by the activation of cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells that release cytokines and recruit macrophages and other inflammatory cells. This leads to delayed and cell-mediated reactions, such as contact dermatitis, tuberculin reaction, or graft rejection.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice B reason: An anaphylactic transfusion reaction is a type of transfusion reaction that occurs when the recipient has IgE antibodies against plasma proteins in the donor blood and causes a systemic allergic response. It manifests as urticaria, pruritus, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, hypotension, or shock.
Choice C reason: A febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction is a type of transfusion reaction that occurs when the recipient has antibodies against leukocytes or platelets in the donor blood and causes a mild inflammatory response. It manifests as fever, chills, headache, or malaise.
Choice D reason: A transfusion-related acute lung injury is a type of transfusion reaction that occurs when the donor has antibodies against leukocytes in the recipient blood and causes pulmonary edema and respiratory distress. It manifests as dyspnea, hypoxia, hypotension, or fever.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice B reason: SLE is not an immunodeficiency disease, as it does not cause a reduced number or function of immune cells. Immunodeficiency diseases are characterized by increased susceptibility to infections and malignancies due to impaired immune response.
Choice C reason: SLE is not an infectious disease, as it is not caused by bacteria or viruses that invade the body. Infectious diseases are characterized by fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and organ-specific symptoms due to microbial invasion and replication.
Choice D reason: SLE is not a neoplastic disease, as it does not cause an abnormal growth and proliferation of immune cells. Neoplastic diseases are characterized by masses or tumors that result from uncontrolled cell division and differentiation.
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