A nurse is teaching a client who has peripheral arterial disease. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching to explain peripheral arterial disease?

"Blood flow is altered and causes blood to pool in the legs."

"Blood flow is altered due to atherosclerosis affecting the tissues' ability to receive oxygen-rich blood."

"Blood flow is altered due to incompetent valves causing increased venous pressure."

"Blood flow is altered due to excessive stretching of the ventricles impairing the heart to contract."

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. "Blood flow is altered and causes blood to pool in the legs." This statement inaccurately describes venous insufficiency rather than peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In PAD, blood flow is reduced or obstructed due to atherosclerosis, leading to inadequate oxygen supply to tissues rather than pooling of blood in the legs.

B. "Blood flow is altered due to atherosclerosis affecting the tissues' ability to receive oxygen-rich blood." This statement correctly explains the underlying pathology of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Atherosclerosis, characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, narrows or blocks blood flow, impairing the delivery of oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. This can result in symptoms such as pain, cramping, and tissue damage, especially during activity when oxygen demand increases.

C. "Blood flow is altered due to incompetent valves causing increased venous pressure." This statement describes venous insufficiency rather than PAD. In venous insufficiency, faulty valves in the veins result in increased venous pressure, leading to symptoms such as swelling, heaviness, and varicose veins, but it does not involve arterial obstruction as seen in PAD.

D. "Blood flow is altered due to excessive stretching of the ventricles impairing the heart to contract." This statement describes a condition related to the heart's function rather than peripheral arterial disease. Excessive stretching of the ventricles may occur in conditions such as heart failure, but it does not directly affect blood flow in the peripheral arteries as seen in PAD.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Creatine kinase (CK) test: While creatine kinase isoenzymes, including CK-MB, can be elevated following myocardial infarction (MI), they are not specific to cardiac muscle injury. CK is found in various tissues throughout the body, so elevated levels can also indicate damage to skeletal muscle or brain tissue, among other sources.

B. Creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) test: CK-MB is a cardiac-specific isoform of creatine kinase, and elevated levels can indicate myocardial injury, particularly in the context of an acute MI. However, troponin T is a more sensitive and specific marker for myocardial injury.

C. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) test: Brain natriuretic peptide is primarily used in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. While elevated BNP levels can indicate heart muscle strain or stress, they are not specific markers for acute myocardial infarction or early injury to the cardiac muscle.

D. Troponin T test: This is the correct answer. Troponin T is a highly specific marker for cardiac muscle injury. Elevated troponin levels can be detected within hours of myocardial infarction and persist for several days, making it an essential tool in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction. Troponin T is considered one of the gold standard biomarkers for detecting early injury to the cardiac muscle.

A. "You can have 2 to 3 cups of coffee throughout the day." B. "You should practice deep breathing exercises:' C. "You can use at least 2,300 mg of sodium daily." D. "You should avoid exercising."

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. "You can have 2 to 3 cups of coffee throughout the day": Caffeine consumption can exacerbate tinnitus symptoms in some individuals. Therefore, advising the client to limit caffeine intake, rather than specifying a quantity, would be more appropriate.

B. "You should practice deep breathing exercises": Deep breathing exercises and relaxation techniques can help reduce stress and anxiety, which may contribute to tinnitus symptoms. Stress management strategies can be beneficial in managing tinnitus-related distress.

C. "You can use at least 2,300 mg of sodium daily": High sodium intake may exacerbate tinnitus symptoms in some individuals. Advising the client to limit sodium intake would be more appropriate to potentially alleviate symptoms.

D. "You should avoid exercising": Regular exercise is generally beneficial for overall health and well-being, including stress reduction, which can help manage tinnitus symptoms. Therefore, advising the client to avoid exercising is not appropriate.

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A nurse is teaching a client who has peripheral arterial disease. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching to explain peripheral arterial disease?

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