A nurse is teaching a patient about the use of spermicide.

Which of the following is an adverse effect of some spermicides that contain nonoxynol-9 (N-9)?

All of the above.

This is because IUDs have multiple mechanisms of action that prevent fertilization and implantation of the ovum.According to the search results, some of these mechanisms are:

• IUDs immobilize sperm and interfere with their migration from the vagina to the fallopian tubes.This is because copper ions released from copper IUDs are toxic for spermatozoa and impair their motility and viability.Hormonal IUDs also thicken the cervical mucus, which blocks sperm from entering the uterus.
• IUDs speed up the transport of the ovum through the fallopian tube.This is because IUDs induce a local inflammatory reaction in the endometrium, which affects the signaling between the uterus and the ovary and alters the tubal motility.This reduces the chances of fertilization by shortening the time window for sperm-egg interaction.
• IUDs inhibit fertilization and cause lysis of the blastocyst.This is because IUDs affect the function or viability of gametes, decreasing the rate of fertilization and lowering the chances of survival of any embryo that may be formed.IUDs also interfere with implantation of the fertilized ovum by creating a hostile environment in the uterine cavity.

Choice A is wrong because it only describes one mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.

Choice B is wrong because it only describes another mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.

Choice C is wrong because it only describes yet another mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.

The correct answer is choice A.The procedure involves inserting flexible agents into your fallopian tubes.These agents cause tissue to grow around them and block the tubes, preventing pregnancy.

Choice B is wrong because the procedure does not require general anesthesia or an operating room.It can be done in an outpatient facility with local anesthesia.

Choice C is wrong because the procedure does not make you sterile immediately after it is done.

It takes about 3 months for the tissue to grow and occlude the tubes.You need to use another form of contraception during this time and have a test to confirm the tubal blockage.

Choice D is wrong because the procedure does not affect your hormone levels or menstrual cycle.It only blocks the fallopian tubes, not the ovaries or uterus.