A nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease about the pathophysiology of the condition. Which of the following explanations best describes the underlying cause of Parkinson's disease?

Inflammation of the motor cortex leads to decreased coordination and balance

Degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain leads to motor dysfunction

A loss of acetylcholine in the brain leads to memory problems and cognitive decline.

Excess production of dopamine in the basal ganglia leads to tremors and muscle rigidity.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. Inflammation of the motor cortex leads to decreased coordination and balance. Parkinson’s disease is not caused by inflammation in the motor cortex; it primarily involves the loss of dopamine-producing neurons.

B. Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain leads to motor dysfunction. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.

C. A loss of acetylcholine in the brain leads to memory problems and cognitive decline. While a loss of acetylcholine is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, it is not the primary issue in Parkinson’s disease.

D. Excess production of dopamine in the basal ganglia leads to tremors and muscle rigidity. In Parkinson’s disease, there is a decrease, not an excess, in dopamine production, which contributes to motor symptoms.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Initiate intravenous fluid therapy. While fluid therapy is essential to support circulation and reduce the risk of shock, oxygenation takes priority in fat embolism management.

B. Prepare the client for emergency surgery. Surgery is not typically the first-line intervention for fat embolism; management focuses on supportive care, particularly respiratory support.

C. Administer high-flow oxygen via a non-rebreather mask. High-flow oxygen is the first priority to address hypoxia caused by fat embolism and should be administered immediately to maintain adequate oxygenation.

D. Apply sequential compression devices (SCDs). SCDs are used to prevent venous thromboembolism, but they do not help with the treatment of fat embolism.

A. Drink plenty of fluids to stay well hydrated. B. Limit your intake of fruits and vegetables to avoid complications. C. You can stop your prescribed antibiotics once you feel better. D. Take your pain medications only when you have severe pain.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Drink plenty of fluids to stay well hydrated. Hydration is crucial for clients with sickle cell disease as it helps prevent blood thickening and reduces the risk of sickling crises.

B. Limit your intake of fruits and vegetables to avoid complications. Fruits and vegetables are essential for balanced nutrition and are not contraindicated in sickle cell disease. Limiting them is unnecessary and could lead to nutritional deficiencies.

C. You can stop your prescribed antibiotics once you feel better. Antibiotics should always be completed as prescribed to fully treat any infection and prevent resistance, especially in individuals with weakened immune responses.

D. Take your pain medications only when you have severe pain. Clients with sickle cell disease should take pain medications as needed, even for mild pain, to prevent escalation of pain and a sickle cell crisis.

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A nurse is teaching a patient newly diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease about the pathophysiology of the condition. Which of the following explanations best describes the underlying cause of Parkinson's disease?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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