A nurse is teaching a school-age child and their parents about managing diabetes mellitus during illness. The nurse should determine that the teaching has been effective when the parents indicate they will provide which of the following when the child is ill?

A. Coarctation of the aorta

Coarctation of the aorta involves a narrowing of the aorta, leading to decreased blood flow to the lower body. It is not associated with increased pulmonary blood flow.

B. Patent ductus arteriosus

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a fetal blood vessel that usually closes shortly after birth, remains open. This allows blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery, increasing pulmonary blood flow. Therefore, option B is correct.

C. Tetralogy of Fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by four abnormalities, including a ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. While it can lead to cyanosis due to right-to-left shunting, it is not primarily associated with increased pulmonary blood flow.

D. Tricuspid atresia

Tricuspid atresia involves the absence of the tricuspid valve, leading to a lack of direct blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. It usually presents with decreased pulmonary blood flow rather than increased pulmonary blood flow.

A. Preschoolers believe their illness is punishment for their misbehavior:This statement is true. Preschool-aged children often have a limited understanding of illness and may associate it with punishment. They might think that their illness is a consequence of something they did wrong. As a nurse, it’s essential to address these misconceptions and provide age-appropriate explanations to help them understand their condition better.

B. Preschoolers are interested in what happens to the body after death: Preschoolers may have curiosity about death and what happens afterward, but their understanding is typically limited. They may ask simple questions about death and may need age-appropriate explanations about the concept. Providing information in a sensitive and honest manner can help address their curiosity and alleviate fears.

C. Adolescents worry more about death than the physical changes that can occur as a result of the illness: Adolescents facing terminal illness may have complex emotions and concerns about both death and the physical changes associated with their illness. It's important to acknowledge and address both aspects of their experience, providing opportunities for adolescents to express their feelings and concerns in a supportive environment.

D. Toddlers personify death as being a type of monster: Toddlers often have limited understanding of death and may personify it in different ways, including as a monster or some other abstract concept. It's essential for guardians to provide comfort and reassurance to toddlers who may experience fear or confusion about death. Providing simple and concrete explanations about death, tailored to their developmental level, can help alleviate anxiety.