A nurse teaches the parents of a 10-month-old infant about home safety. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)

A. Puberty might be delayed if scrotal changes have not occurred by the age of 11 years:
Scrotal changes, such as thinning, reddening, and enlargement, are among the first signs of puberty in boys. If these changes have not started by age 11, it may indicate delayed puberty, warranting further assessment.

B. Changes in the voice signal the beginning of puberty: Voice changes usually occur later in puberty, after the onset of testicular and scrotal development. They are a secondary sexual characteristic, not an initial sign.

C. Growth spurts in height occur toward the end of midpuberty: Growth spurts typically happen during early to midpuberty, not toward the end. Height velocity peaks around Tanner stages 3 to 4, before puberty concludes.

D. Gynecomastia commonly occurs during late puberty: Gynecomastia tends to occur during early to midpuberty due to hormonal fluctuations and usually resolves spontaneously. It is less common to develop or persist into late puberty.

A. Identity vs. role confusion: This stage occurs during adolescence and focuses on developing a personal identity and sense of self. Failure to achieve this leads to confusion about one’s role in society.

B. Initiative vs. guilt: Typical of preschool-aged children, this stage involves asserting power and control through directing play and social interactions. Successful initiative builds confidence; failure leads to guilt.

C. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt: Occurs in toddlerhood when children develop personal control over physical skills and independence. Success leads to autonomy; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

D. Trust vs. mistrust: The first stage, occurring from birth to about 18 months, where infants learn to trust caregivers to meet their needs. Consistent care builds trust; inconsistency leads to mistrust.

E. Industry vs. inferiority: School-age children focus on mastering skills and gaining competence. Positive feedback leads to a sense of industry; repeated failure results in feelings of inferiority.