A nurse working at a long-term care facility encourages older adult clients to engage in spiritual beliefs and practices that they are familiar with. The nurse encourages this activity to promote which effect? (Select All that Apply.)

A. Maximum breathing and vital capacity have diminished since the previous studies.

This finding suggests a decline in lung function compared to previous assessments, which could indicate a pathological process rather than normal age-related changes. Diminished breathing capacity may be indicative of conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or other respiratory disorders.

B. Accumulation of serous fluid is seen between the lungs and the pleural membrane.

The accumulation of serous fluid between the lungs and the pleural membrane is consistent with pleural effusion, which is a pathological condition rather than a normal age-related change. Pleural effusion can occur due to various causes, including infection, inflammation, heart failure, or malignancy.

C. The lungs are smaller than younger adults' and there are fewer alveoli.

This option describes normal age-related changes in the respiratory system. With aging, the lungs may undergo structural changes such as decreased elasticity and fewer alveoli, leading to reduced lung capacity and efficiency. While this finding is typical of aging, it does not necessarily indicate a pathological process.

D. The client has fewer cilia than would be found in a younger client.

A reduction in cilia is associated with aging and is considered a normal age-related change. Cilia are hair-like structures in the respiratory tract that help remove mucus and debris. While decreased ciliary function may contribute to respiratory infections in older adults, it is not necessarily indicative of a specific pathological process.

A. Calling a local hotel to find an available room for the family: This intervention reflects a family-centered care approach by acknowledging the importance of family involvement and support. By assisting the family in finding nearby accommodations, the nurse recognizes their need to be close to the client and actively supports their presence during the client's care.

B. Apologizing to the client's grandchild that the child is too young to visit: This intervention does not reflect a family-centered care approach. Instead, it may inadvertently discourage family involvement by conveying a message that certain family members are not welcome or accommodated in the care setting.

C. Allowing visitation for 10 minutes every 2 hours: While this intervention allows for visitation, the strict time limit and schedule do not fully reflect a family-centered care approach. Family-centered care typically involves more flexible and individualized visitation policies that accommodate the preferences and needs of both the client and their family members.

D. Including the family in discussions with the health care provider: This intervention exemplifies a family-centered care approach by recognizing the importance of involving the client's family in decision-making and care planning. By including the family in discussions with the health care provider, the nurse ensures that they are informed, engaged, and empowered to participate in decisions about the client's care.