A patient is suffering from ketoacidosis caused by an unregulated high protein diet.
Which function of the blood has been compromised?
Stabilizing fluid distribution in the body.
Stabilizing the body's pH.
Protecting against microorganisms.
Transporting nutrients.
Transporting hormones.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice B rationale
Ketoacidosis results from the excessive production of ketone bodies, which are acidic. A high protein diet, if not balanced, can lead to increased amino acid catabolism, generating more acidic byproducts. The blood's ability to buffer these acids and maintain a stable pH (normal blood pH: 7.35-7.45) is compromised, leading to metabolic acidosis.
Choice A rationale
Stabilizing fluid distribution is primarily a function of plasma proteins, particularly albumin, which contribute to colloid osmotic pressure, and the kidneys' regulation of water and electrolyte balance. While severe acidosis can affect fluid shifts, the primary compromise in ketoacidosis relates to pH balance.
Choice C rationale
Protecting against microorganisms is a function of white blood cells (leukocytes) and antibodies (immunoglobulins) present in the blood. While severe metabolic disturbances can indirectly impact immune function over time, the immediate and direct compromise in ketoacidosis is related to acid-base balance.
Choice D rationale
Transporting nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids, is a fundamental function of blood. While metabolic imbalances due to ketoacidosis affect nutrient utilization, the core ability of blood to physically transport these substances is not the primary function compromised.
Choice E rationale
Transporting hormones is a crucial endocrine function of the blood, allowing hormones to reach their target cells. While hormonal imbalances can contribute to ketoacidosis (e.g., insulin deficiency), the direct compromise of blood's ability to transport hormones is not the central issue in ketoacidosis itself.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
While the immune response originates in specific organs like the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, this statement describes the origin of immune cells and processes, not the fundamental characteristic of specificity, which relates to targeting particular antigens.
Choice B rationale
Similar to Choice A, the immune response involves specialized tissues throughout the body, such as lymphoid tissues. However, this describes the anatomical distribution of the immune system rather than the core principle of specificity in recognizing unique pathogens.
Choice C rationale
The immune response is indeed carried out by specific groups of cells, such as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, which have specialized functions. However, while these cells contribute to specificity, the most direct definition of specificity in immunity is the targeted response against a particular pathogen or antigen.
Choice D rationale
Specificity in immunity means that the immune system's response is highly targeted and precise. Each specific B and T lymphocyte is programmed to recognize and respond to a particular epitope (a specific molecular structure) on a pathogen, ensuring that the immune response is directed only against the invading microbe.
Choice E rationale
The immune response involves specialized tissues. However, this statement focuses on the location rather than the fundamental characteristic of specificity, which refers to the precise recognition and targeting of a particular pathogen or antigen by immune cells.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Increased viscosity directly impedes blood flow. Viscosity refers to the "thickness" or internal friction of a fluid. Higher viscosity, often due to increased hematocrit or plasma protein concentration, increases resistance to flow, requiring greater pressure to maintain the same flow rate, thus reducing velocity according to Poiseuille's Law.
Choice B rationale
Increased blood pressure provides a greater driving force for blood flow. According to Ohm's Law for fluid flow, flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure gradient. Therefore, a higher pressure propels blood through vessels more quickly, leading to an increased velocity of blood flow, assuming resistance remains constant.
Choice C rationale
Increased vessel radius significantly decreases resistance to blood flow. Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius (Poiseuille's Law). A larger lumen allows blood to flow with less friction against the vessel walls, thereby increasing the velocity of blood flow for a given pressure gradient.
Choice D rationale
Increased afterload refers to the resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood. While increased afterload initially reduces stroke volume, the body often compensates with increased contractility or heart rate. However, a sustained increase in systemic vascular resistance, a major component of afterload, can reduce the overall systemic blood flow velocity by increasing the impedance to ejection.
Choice E rationale
Decreased vasomotion implies reduced changes in vessel diameter, potentially leading to less efficient blood distribution and potentially increased overall peripheral resistance if arterioles remain constricted. Reduced vasomotion might hinder the body's ability to adjust blood flow to meet metabolic demands, potentially decreasing localized or overall blood flow velocity.
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