A report comes back indicating that muscular hypertrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular hypertrophy involves an increase in muscle cell:
Size
Vacuoles
Types
Number
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A: Size
Muscular hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of muscle cells12. This process typically occurs as a result of strength training, where the muscles are subjected to stress and damage, leading to the repair and growth of muscle fibers. The increase in muscle cell size enhances muscle strength and mass, making it a key goal for athletes and bodybuilders.
Choice B: Vacuoles
Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in cells, primarily involved in storage and transport of substances3. While vacuoles play important roles in cellular function, they are not directly related to muscular hypertrophy. The primary change in muscular hypertrophy is the increase in muscle cell size, not the number or size of vacuoles.
Choice C: Types
Muscle cells can be categorized into different types, such as slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II) fibers4. However, muscular hypertrophy does not involve a change in the types of muscle cells. Instead, it focuses on the growth and enlargement of existing muscle fibers, regardless of their type.
Choice D: Number
An increase in the number of muscle cells is referred to as hyperplasia, which is different from hypertrophy. Hyperplasia involves the formation of new muscle cells, whereas hypertrophy involves the enlargement of existing muscle cells. Current evidence suggests that hypertrophy, rather than hyperplasia, is the primary mechanism for muscle growth in response to strength training.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Minimal Effect on Vessels
A reduction in blood pH, which indicates acidosis, does not have a minimal effect on blood vessels. Acidosis can significantly impact vascular tone and function. Therefore, this choice is incorrect as it underestimates the physiological changes that occur in response to a decrease in pH.
Choice B: No Effect on Vessels
Similarly, stating that a reduction in blood pH has no effect on vessels is inaccurate. Blood pH is tightly regulated, and deviations from the normal range (7.35-7.45) can lead to significant physiological responses. Acidosis can alter vascular tone, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C: Vasodilation
While vasodilation can occur in response to certain conditions, a reduction in blood pH typically leads to vasoconstriction rather than vasodilation. Vasodilation is more commonly associated with an increase in blood pH (alkalosis) or other factors such as increased levels of nitric oxide or prostaglandins.
Choice D: Vasoconstriction
When the pH of blood reduces, indicating acidosis, it often leads to vasoconstriction. This response is mediated by chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH and stimulate the vasomotor center to increase vascular tone. Vasoconstriction helps to maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion of vital organs during acidosis. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
To determine how much of the medication remains in the body after a certain period, we need to understand the concept of half-life. The half-life of a medication is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half. For Medication A, the half-life is 3 hours. After 12 hours, which is four half-lives, the amount of medication remaining can be calculated step by step.
Choice B Reason:
Let’s break down the calculation. Initially, the patient receives 400 mg of Medication A. After the first half-life (3 hours), the amount of medication remaining is 400 mg ÷ 2 = 200 mg. After the second half-life (6 hours), the amount remaining is 200 mg ÷ 2 = 100 mg. After the third half-life (9 hours), the amount remaining is 100 mg ÷ 2 = 50 mg. Finally, after the fourth half-life (12 hours), the amount remaining is 50 mg ÷ 2 = 25 mg. Therefore, 375 mg is not a correct answer.
Choice C Reason:
Similarly, 150 mg is not correct. As shown in the detailed calculation, the amount of medication decreases by half every 3 hours. After 12 hours, the remaining amount is 25 mg, not 150 mg. This choice does not align with the half-life calculation.
Choice D Reason:
This is the correct answer. The step-by-step calculation shows that after 12 hours, which is equivalent to four half-lives, the amount of Medication A remaining in the patient’s body is 25 mg. This demonstrates the principle of half-life and how the concentration of a drug decreases over time.
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