A report comes back indicating that muscular hypertrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular hypertrophy involves an increase in muscle cell:
Size
Vacuoles
Types
Number
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A: Size
Muscular hypertrophy refers to the increase in the size of muscle cells12. This process typically occurs as a result of strength training, where the muscles are subjected to stress and damage, leading to the repair and growth of muscle fibers. The increase in muscle cell size enhances muscle strength and mass, making it a key goal for athletes and bodybuilders.
Choice B: Vacuoles
Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in cells, primarily involved in storage and transport of substances3. While vacuoles play important roles in cellular function, they are not directly related to muscular hypertrophy. The primary change in muscular hypertrophy is the increase in muscle cell size, not the number or size of vacuoles.
Choice C: Types
Muscle cells can be categorized into different types, such as slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II) fibers4. However, muscular hypertrophy does not involve a change in the types of muscle cells. Instead, it focuses on the growth and enlargement of existing muscle fibers, regardless of their type.
Choice D: Number
An increase in the number of muscle cells is referred to as hyperplasia, which is different from hypertrophy. Hyperplasia involves the formation of new muscle cells, whereas hypertrophy involves the enlargement of existing muscle cells. Current evidence suggests that hypertrophy, rather than hyperplasia, is the primary mechanism for muscle growth in response to strength training.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Atrophy
Atrophy refers to the reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size or number. This can occur due to various reasons such as disuse, lack of nutrition, or loss of nerve supply. While atrophy involves the shrinkage of cells, it does not directly result in cellular death. Instead, it is a form of cellular adaptation to adverse conditions.
Choice B: Proliferation
Proliferation is the process by which cells grow and divide to produce more cells. This process is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair. Proliferation leads to an increase in the number of cells and is the opposite of cellular death. It is a tightly regulated process that ensures the maintenance and regeneration of tissues.
Choice C: Mutation
Mutation refers to changes in the DNA sequence of a cell. These changes can occur due to errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, or chemical mutagens. While mutations can lead to various outcomes, including cancer, they do not directly cause cellular death. Instead, mutations can alter the function of genes and proteins, potentially leading to uncontrolled cell growth or other cellular dysfunctions.
Choice D: Death
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a highly regulated process that allows the body to remove damaged or unnecessary cells without causing harm to surrounding tissues. Apoptosis involves a series of biochemical events leading to characteristic cell changes and eventual death. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing the development of diseases such as cancer.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Norepinephrine is a key neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system during the “fight-or-flight” response. It plays a crucial role in preparing the body to respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, as well as dilating the airways. These physiological changes are essential for coping with acute stress.
Choice B Reason:
Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but it is primarily associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis rather than the sympathetic nervous system. While cortisol contributes to the body’s overall stress response by increasing blood sugar levels and suppressing the immune system, it is not the primary mediator of the acute “fight-or-flight” response.
Choice C Reason:
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. It is part of the HPA axis and plays a role in the body’s long-term stress response, but it is not directly involved in the immediate activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Choice D Reason:
Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. While it can be involved in the body’s response to stress by ensuring an adequate supply of glucose, it is not a primary mediator of the acute stress response mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
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