A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of:
Oxygenation of the cells
Free radical formation
Increased metabolic state
Lactic acid build-up
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A Reason:
Oxygenation of the cells is a necessary process during reperfusion, but it is not the direct cause of reperfusion injury. The injury occurs due to the sudden influx of oxygen, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. These free radicals cause oxidative stress and damage to the myocardial cells.
Choice B Reason:
Free radical formation is the primary mechanism behind reperfusion injury. When blood flow is restored to the ischemic myocardium, the sudden reintroduction of oxygen leads to the production of free radicals. These free radicals cause significant oxidative damage to the cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, exacerbating the injury to the heart tissue.
Choice C Reason:
An increased metabolic state can occur during reperfusion as the cells attempt to recover from ischemia. However, it is not the direct cause of reperfusion injury. The primary issue is the oxidative stress caused by free radicals, not the metabolic changes themselves.
Choice D Reason:
Lactic acid build-up is a consequence of anaerobic metabolism during the ischemic period, not a cause of reperfusion injury. During ischemia, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid accumulation. However, once oxygen is reintroduced, the focus shifts to the oxidative damage caused by free radicals rather than lactic acid.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Primary prevention involves measures taken to prevent the onset of a disease before it occurs. This includes lifestyle interventions such as a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and vaccinations. Mammograms, however, are not used to prevent breast cancer from occurring but to detect it early.
Choice B Reason:
Secondary prevention aims to detect and address a disease early in its course to prevent progression. Mammograms are a classic example of secondary prevention because they are used to screen for breast cancer in women who do not yet show symptoms2. Early detection through mammograms can lead to earlier treatment, which can significantly improve outcomes and reduce mortality rates.
Choice C Reason:
Disease treatment refers to the direct management of a diagnosed condition. For breast cancer, this could include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and other medical interventions. Mammograms are not a treatment but a diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of cancer.
Choice D Reason:
Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and mitigating the complications of an existing disease to prevent further deterioration. For breast cancer, this might involve rehabilitation, ongoing treatment to prevent recurrence, and palliative care. Mammograms are used for early detection, not for managing complications of already diagnosed cancer.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Oxygenation of the cells is a necessary process during reperfusion, but it is not the direct cause of reperfusion injury. The injury occurs due to the sudden influx of oxygen, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. These free radicals cause oxidative stress and damage to the myocardial cells.
Choice B Reason:
Free radical formation is the primary mechanism behind reperfusion injury. When blood flow is restored to the ischemic myocardium, the sudden reintroduction of oxygen leads to the production of free radicals. These free radicals cause significant oxidative damage to the cell membranes, proteins, and DNA, exacerbating the injury to the heart tissue.
Choice C Reason:
An increased metabolic state can occur during reperfusion as the cells attempt to recover from ischemia. However, it is not the direct cause of reperfusion injury. The primary issue is the oxidative stress caused by free radicals, not the metabolic changes themselves.
Choice D Reason:
Lactic acid build-up is a consequence of anaerobic metabolism during the ischemic period, not a cause of reperfusion injury. During ischemia, cells switch to anaerobic metabolism, leading to lactic acid accumulation. However, once oxygen is reintroduced, the focus shifts to the oxidative damage caused by free radicals rather than lactic acid.
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