A ten-month-old infant has been diagnosed with HIV. The nurse knows that:
The mother must be mandatorily tested.
The infant should begin ART after turning 12 months old.
The infant should be immediately placed on antiretroviral therapy, or ART.
Once the infant has a clinical manifestation of AIDS, then ART should begin.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: This is not a correct statement. The mother should be offered testing, but not forced to do so. However, the nurse should explain the benefits of testing and treatment for the mother and the infant.
Choice B reason: This is not a correct statement. The infant should not wait until 12 months old to begin ART. According to the World Health Organization, all infants diagnosed with HIV should start ART as soon as possible, regardless of their age or clinical stage¹.
Choice C reason: This is the correct statement. The infant should be immediately placed on ART to reduce the risk of disease progression, opportunistic infections, and mortality. Early initiation of ART can also improve the infant's growth, development, and quality of life.
Choice D reason: This is not a correct statement. The infant should not wait until they have a clinical manifestation of AIDS to begin ART. Delaying ART can increase the risk of irreversible damage to the immune system, organ failure, and death.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not a correct statement, as parents cannot meet all of the child's needs. The child needs social interaction and physical activity to promote their growth and development. The parents should encourage the child to play with other children, as long as the activities are appropriate for the child's condition.
Choice B reason: This is not a correct statement, as constant parental supervision is not needed to avoid overexertion. The parents should monitor the child's activity level and signs of fatigue, but they should not interfere with the child's play unless necessary. The parents should also teach the child to recognize and report any symptoms of overexertion, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.
Choice C reason: This is not a correct statement, as the child does not need to understand that peers' activities are too strenuous. The child may feel left out or inferior if they think they cannot do what their peers can do. The child should be allowed to participate in activities that are suitable for their age and ability, and that do not pose a risk to their health.
Choice D reason: This is the correct statement, as the child will limit their own activity. The child will naturally adjust their activity level to their tolerance and comfort. The child will also learn to pace themselves and rest when needed. The child will not overexert themselves unless they are forced or pressured to do so.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Cardiac arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that can affect the heart's ability to pump blood. However, it is not a direct consequence of a ventricular septal defect (VSD), which is a hole in the wall between the lower chambers of the heart¹.
Choice B reason: Decreased cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It can be reduced by a VSD, as the blood can flow back from the left ventricle to the right ventricle through the hole, instead of being pumped to the body. This can cause the infant to have cool extremities, thready pulses, and low urine output, as the tissues are not receiving enough oxygen and nutrients².
Choice C reason: Increased stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat. It can be increased by a VSD, as the left ventricle has to work harder to compensate for the blood loss through the hole. However, this does not explain the infant's symptoms, as the stroke volume may not be enough to maintain a normal cardiac output².
Choice D reason: Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low oxygen levels in the blood. It can be caused by a VSD, as the oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle can mix with the oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the hole, and then be pumped to the body. However, this is more likely to occur in large VSDs or in infants with other heart defects that cause right-to-left shunting of blood³.
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