A woman undergoes a mammogram test for cancer screening. This is an example of:
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Disease treatment
Tertiary prevention
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A Reason:
Primary prevention involves measures taken to prevent the onset of a disease before it occurs. This includes lifestyle interventions such as a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and vaccinations. Mammograms, however, are not used to prevent breast cancer from occurring but to detect it early.
Choice B Reason:
Secondary prevention aims to detect and address a disease early in its course to prevent progression. Mammograms are a classic example of secondary prevention because they are used to screen for breast cancer in women who do not yet show symptoms2. Early detection through mammograms can lead to earlier treatment, which can significantly improve outcomes and reduce mortality rates.
Choice C Reason:
Disease treatment refers to the direct management of a diagnosed condition. For breast cancer, this could include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and other medical interventions. Mammograms are not a treatment but a diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of cancer.
Choice D Reason:
Tertiary prevention focuses on managing and mitigating the complications of an existing disease to prevent further deterioration. For breast cancer, this might involve rehabilitation, ongoing treatment to prevent recurrence, and palliative care. Mammograms are used for early detection, not for managing complications of already diagnosed cancer.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
While it is true that women often experience more adverse drug reactions than men, this is not because drugs inherently have more toxic effects in women. The higher incidence of side effects in women is largely due to the fact that drug dosages and effects have historically been studied primarily in men. This has led to a lack of understanding of how drugs specifically affect women.
Choice B Reason:
Women do not necessarily metabolize drugs more slowly than men. Drug metabolism can vary widely depending on the specific medication and individual differences. However, the lack of female representation in clinical trials has resulted in less data on how women metabolize certain drugs, leading to unpredictable effects.
Choice C Reason:
Most known drug effects are indeed based on drug trials conducted predominantly in men. Historically, women were excluded from clinical trials due to concerns about hormonal fluctuations and potential risks to fetuses. This has resulted in a significant gap in knowledge about how drugs affect women, leading to more unpredictable and often adverse effects when these drugs are used by women.
Choice D Reason:
While hormonal fluctuations during menstrual cycles can affect drug metabolism and efficacy, this is not the primary reason for the unpredictable effects of drugs in women. The main issue is the historical exclusion of women from clinical trials, which has led to a lack of data on how drugs affect women differently from men.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Minimal Effect on Vessels
A reduction in blood pH, which indicates acidosis, does not have a minimal effect on blood vessels. Acidosis can significantly impact vascular tone and function. Therefore, this choice is incorrect as it underestimates the physiological changes that occur in response to a decrease in pH.
Choice B: No Effect on Vessels
Similarly, stating that a reduction in blood pH has no effect on vessels is inaccurate. Blood pH is tightly regulated, and deviations from the normal range (7.35-7.45) can lead to significant physiological responses. Acidosis can alter vascular tone, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C: Vasodilation
While vasodilation can occur in response to certain conditions, a reduction in blood pH typically leads to vasoconstriction rather than vasodilation. Vasodilation is more commonly associated with an increase in blood pH (alkalosis) or other factors such as increased levels of nitric oxide or prostaglandins.
Choice D: Vasoconstriction
When the pH of blood reduces, indicating acidosis, it often leads to vasoconstriction. This response is mediated by chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH and stimulate the vasomotor center to increase vascular tone. Vasoconstriction helps to maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate perfusion of vital organs during acidosis. Therefore, this is the correct answer.
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