After brain surgery, a male client is lethargic and is having difficulty talking. His blood pressure is 146/122 mm Hg and his urine specific gravity is 1.055. These findings are consistent with which pathophysiological response to intracranial surgery?

Reference Range:

Urine Specific Gravity [1.005 to 1.03]

Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH).

Hypopituitarism.

Septic shock.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

The clinical manifestations described in the scenario, including lethargy, difficulty talking, hypertension (blood pressure of 146/122 mm Hg), and elevated urine specific gravity (1.055), are indicative of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH). Here's a breakdown of the rationale:

A) Hyposecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):

Hyposecretion of ADH would result in decreased levels of ADH, leading to increased urine output (polyuria) and low urine specific gravity. This condition is known as diabetes insipidus, characterized by excessive thirst and dilute urine. The elevated urine specific gravity in the scenario is inconsistent with diabetes insipidus. Therefore, this option is incorrect.

B) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH):

Correct. SIADH is a condition characterized by excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, leading to water retention, dilutional hyponatremia, and concentrated urine. The elevated urine specific gravity (1.055) in the scenario indicates concentrated urine, consistent with SIADH. Additionally, lethargy and difficulty talking are common neurological manifestations of hyponatremia, which can occur as a result of water retention in SIADH. The client's hypertension is likely a compensatory response to hyponatremia-induced cerebral edema. Therefore, SIADH is the most likely diagnosis in this context.

C) Hypopituitarism:

Hypopituitarism refers to deficient production of one or more pituitary hormones, which can lead to a variety of endocrine abnormalities depending on which hormones are affected. While it is possible for hypopituitarism to cause hyponatremia, the other clinical manifestations described in the scenario are not typically associated with this condition. Additionally, the elevated urine specific gravity is not consistent with hypopituitarism-induced hyponatremia. Therefore, this option is less likely.

D) Septic shock:

Septic shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by severe hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion due to systemic infection. While septic shock can cause altered mental status, hypotension (not hypertension), and oliguria (not concentrated urine), it is not typically associated with elevated urine specific gravity. Therefore, septic shock is not the most likely diagnosis in this context.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Multiple organ dysfunction:

Correct. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a widespread inflammatory response to a variety of severe clinical insults, including trauma, infection, burns, or other sources of tissue injury. In the context of trauma from a motor vehicle collision, the body may mount a systemic inflammatory response involving multiple organ systems. This can progress to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), where there is progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems.

B) Acute kidney injury:

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can certainly occur in the context of severe trauma and systemic inflammation, such as in SIRS. However, AKI is a specific manifestation rather than the overarching pathophysiological process associated with the development of SIRS.

C) Intestinal obstruction:

Intestinal obstruction is a mechanical obstruction of the intestines and is not typically associated with the development of SIRS unless there is associated ischemia or perforation leading to systemic inflammation.

D) Sepsis:

Sepsis is a severe infection that has spread throughout the body and triggers a systemic inflammatory response. While sepsis can lead to SIRS, it is not the only cause. In this scenario, trauma from a motor vehicle collision is the primary cause of the systemic inflammatory response, rather than infection.

A. Glucosuria and lethargy. B. Frothy urine and anorexia. C. Hematuria and hemoptysis. D. Polyuria and productive cough.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious condition characterized by widespread activation of coagulation throughout the body, leading to both thrombosis and hemorrhage. Here's why option C is the correct choice:

A) Glucosuria and lethargy:

Glucosuria (presence of glucose in the urine) and lethargy are not typical findings associated with DIC. Glucosuria may indicate diabetes mellitus or renal dysfunction, while lethargy can result from various causes but is not specific to DIC.

B) Frothy urine and anorexia:

Frothy urine may indicate proteinuria, which can occur in conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, but it is not a characteristic finding of DIC. Anorexia (loss of appetite) is a nonspecific symptom that can occur in many conditions but is not directly related to DIC.

C) Hematuria and hemoptysis:

Correct. Hematuria (blood in the urine) and hemoptysis (coughing up blood) are common manifestations of DIC. In DIC, widespread activation of the coagulation cascade can lead to microthrombi formation in small blood vessels, resulting in tissue ischemia and bleeding. Hematuria and hemoptysis can occur due to bleeding from the urinary tract or respiratory system, respectively, as a result of DIC-induced coagulopathy.

D) Polyuria and productive cough:

Polyuria (excessive urination) and productive cough (cough with production of sputum) are not specific findings of DIC. Polyuria may occur in conditions such as diabetes mellitus or diuretic use, while productive cough can be seen in respiratory infections or chronic lung diseases but is not directly related to DIC.

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is caring for a client who experienced multiple invasive trauma from a motor vehicle collision and has developed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Which pathophysiological process is most likely associated with the development of SIRS in this client?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The nurse admits a client with sepsis and has developed cool ecchymotic fingertips and toes. The healthcare provider determines that the client has developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which findings support the pathophysiology of DIC?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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