Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

An increase in afterload results in decreased systolic pressure, which creates a decreased cardiac output.

A decrease in afterload causes the cardiac muscles to hypertrophy, resulting in increased diastolic volume.

An increase in preload results in greater shortening of myocardial fibers, thereby increasing contractility.

A decrease in preload results in increasing diastolic muscle fiber length, which impedes contractility.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) An increase in afterload results in decreased systolic pressure, which creates a decreased cardiac output:

This statement is not consistent with the Frank-Starling law. Afterload refers to the resistance against which the heart must pump blood during systole. An increase in afterload typically results in increased systolic pressure, not decreased, as the heart works harder to overcome the increased resistance. However, increased afterload can lead to decreased cardiac output due to the increased work of the heart.

B) A decrease in afterload causes the cardiac muscles to hypertrophy, resulting in increased diastolic volume:

This statement is not consistent with the Frank-Starling law. Afterload refers to the pressure or resistance against which the heart must pump blood during systole. A decrease in afterload typically reduces the workload on the heart, which may lead to reverse remodeling and a reduction in cardiac hypertrophy. Increased diastolic volume may occur due to reduced afterload, but it's not the direct result of hypertrophy.

C) An increase in preload results in greater shortening of myocardial fibers, thereby increasing contractility:

Correct. According to the Frank-Starling law, an increase in preload (end-diastolic volume or stretch of myocardial fibers) leads to greater overlap of actin and myosin filaments within myocardial fibers during systole. This increased overlap results in stronger myocardial contraction (increased contractility), leading to an increased stroke volume and cardiac output.

D) A decrease in preload results in increasing diastolic muscle fiber length, which impedes contractility:

This statement is not consistent with the Frank-Starling law. Preload refers to the degree of stretch of the myocardial fibers at the end of diastole. A decrease in preload would lead to decreased stretch of the myocardial fibers, not increasing diastolic muscle fiber length. Decreased preload typically results in decreased contractility rather than impediment to contractility due to reduced myocardial stretch.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Elevation in blood pressure:

While elevation in blood pressure could potentially cause discomfort at the arterial line insertion site, it is not the most likely physiological effect to induce sudden pain in this scenario. Blood pressure elevation would typically cause generalized symptoms rather than localized pain at the insertion site.

B) Vasospasm at insertion site:

Correct. Vasospasm refers to the sudden constriction of blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow. It can occur in response to arterial puncture or manipulation during arterial line insertion, resulting in sudden pain at the insertion site.

C) Clot in the arterial catheter:

A clot in the arterial catheter could potentially cause obstruction and affect blood flow, but it is less likely to induce sudden pain at the insertion site unless there is associated ischemia or tissue damage.

D) Air lock in the transducer:

An air lock in the transducer could disrupt pressure monitoring but is not typically associated with sudden pain at the insertion site. It may lead to inaccurate pressure readings rather than localized pain.

A. Damage to Broca's area in temporal lobe of brain. B. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia. C. Brain atrophy with diffuse amyloid plaques disposition. D. Paralysis of the pharyngeal and epiglottal area.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia. This degeneration leads to a deficiency of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement and coordination. The inability to express oneself, as seen in the client's mumbling, can be attributed to the motor symptoms of PD, particularly bradykinesia (slowness of movement) and hypomimia (reduced facial expression), which result from dopaminergic neuron degeneration.

A) Damage to Broca's area in the temporal lobe of the brain:

Damage to Broca's area typically results in expressive aphasia, which is characterized by difficulty speaking and forming coherent sentences. While speech difficulties can occur in PD, they are primarily due to motor dysfunction rather than damage to specific language centers in the brain.

B) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the basal ganglia:

Correct. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, particularly the substantia nigra, is the primary pathological factor in Parkinson's disease. This degeneration leads to motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, which can affect the client's ability to speak clearly and express himself.

C) Brain atrophy with diffuse amyloid plaques disposition:

This description is more characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, a different neurodegenerative disorder characterized by brain atrophy and the deposition of amyloid plaques. While cognitive impairment can occur in PD, the primary motor symptoms are related to dopaminergic neuron degeneration rather than amyloid plaque deposition.

D) Paralysis of the pharyngeal and epiglottal area:

Paralysis of the pharyngeal and epiglottal area can lead to dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) rather than difficulty expressing oneself verbally. While dysphagia can occur in PD, it is not typically the primary factor contributing to speech difficulties in this condition.

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Which statement is true regarding myocardial functioning in the normal heart, based upon the Frank Starling law?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

After the nurse obtains a blood sample from a client's right radial arterial client reports a sudden onset of pain at the arterial line insertion site. The nurse recognizes which physiological effect may be inducing the sudden pain?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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