Amy, a 50-year-old woman, reports a recent change in her bowel habits and rectal bleeding. She has no family history of rectal or colon problems. What is the most appropriate next step for her healthcare provider?

Perform a rectal examination

Refer her to a colonoscopy immediately

Recommend increasing fiber in her diet

Prescribe anti-hemorrhoidal medication

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. A rectal examination may not detect lesions higher up in the colon

B.   Rectal bleeding and change in bowel habits are red flags for colorectal cancer, especially in people over 50 years old. A colonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing colorectal cancer and other conditions affecting the colon and rectum.
C.   While increasing fiber may be beneficial for overall bowel health, it is not the immediate action to take when rectal bleeding and changes in bowel habits are reported.
D.   Prescribing medication without a proper evaluation could mask underlying issues and is not the appropriate initial step.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. This vaccine is recommended for adults over 50 years old to prevent shingles, but it is not typically administered annually.
B. There is no routine annual immunization for Hepatitis C.
C. Annual influenza vaccination is strongly recommended for patients with COPD to reduce the risk of influenza-related complications.
D. While pneumococcal vaccination is important for patients with COPD, it is not administered annually in most cases.

A. Reflex bronchoconstriction B. Mucocillary clearance system C. Filtration of air D. Alveolar macrophages

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Reflex bronchoconstriction is a defense mechanism that helps protect the airway during exposure to irritants or allergens, but it wouldn't typically lead to irritation and burning sensation.
B. The mucociliary clearance system, which helps remove particles and pathogens from the airway by moving mucus upward via ciliary action, is likely compromised in Emily, leading to accumulation of irritants and subsequent symptoms.
C. Filtration of air occurs primarily in the upper respiratory tract and is not directly related to irritation and burning sensation in the airway.
D. Alveolar macrophages are primarily involved in defense against pathogens in the alveoli of the lungs and are not directly related to irritation and burning sensation in the airway.

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Amy, a 50-year-old woman, reports a recent change in her bowel habits and rectal bleeding. She has no family history of rectal or colon problems. What is the most appropriate next step for her healthcare provider?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Sophia, an outpatient clinic nurse, is assessing a 78-year-old patient, Robert, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which immunization should Sophia most strongly recommend that Robert receives annually?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Emily, a 50-year-old woman with a past medical history of asthma and GERD, reports irritation and a burning sensation in her airway. Which of the following defense mechanisms is likely compromised?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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