An nurse is counseling a new mother about the immunologic properties of breast milk. The nurse emphasizes that breast milk is the main source of which specific immunoglobulin?
Select one:
IgG.
IgE.
IgA.
IgM.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A Reason: IgG. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a different type of antibody that is not abundant in breast milk. IgG is a type of antibody that provides systemic immunity against various antigens. IgG is found in low concentrations in breast milk, as it does not cross the mammary epithelium easily. IgG can protect the infant from some infections, but it is mainly transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta during pregnancy.
Choice B Reason: IgE. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a different type of antibody that is not relevant to breast milk. IgE is a type of antibody that mediates allergic reactions and parasitic infections. IgE is found in very low concentrations in breast milk, as it does not have a significant role in mucosal immunity. IgE can trigger mast cells and basophils to release histamine and other inflammatory mediators, which can cause symptoms such as itching, swelling, or bronchoconstriction.
Choice C Reason: IgA. This is because IgA is a type of antibody that protects mucosal surfaces from pathogens and toxins. IgA is found in high concentrations in breast milk, especially in colostrum (the first milk produced after delivery). IgA can bind to bacteria and viruses in the infant's gastrointestinal tract and prevent them from ataching to the intestinal wall or crossing into the bloodstream. IgA can also enhance the infant's immune system by stimulating lymphoid tissue development and modulating inflammatory responses.
Choice D Reason: IgM. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a different type of antibody that is not abundant in breast milk. IgM is a type of antibody that activates complement system and agglutinates antigens. IgM is found in low concentrations in breast milk, as it does not cross the mammary epithelium easily due to its large size. IgM can protect the infant from some infections, but it is mainly produced by the infant's own immune system in response to exposure to antigens.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason: 3-2-1-0-2. This is an incorrect answer that underestimates the number of pregnancies and overestimates the number of preterm births. The client has had four pregnancies, not three. She has had one preterm birth, not two.
Choice B Reason: 4-1-1-1-3. This is an incorrect answer that overestimates the number of living children. The client has two living children, not three.
Choice C Reason 4-1-1-1-2. This is because the GTPAL method is a way of summarizing a woman's obstetric history using five numbers: G (gravida), T (term births), P (preterm births), A (abortions), and L (living children). Gravida is the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. Term births are deliveries after 37 weeks' gestation. Preterm births are deliveries between 20 and 37 weeks' gestation. Abortions are pregnancies that end before 20 weeks' gestation, either spontaneously or electively. Living children are the number of children who are alive at the time of assessment.
Choice D Reason: 4-1-2-0-3. This is an incorrect answer that overestimates the number of preterm births and living children, and underestimates the number of abortions. The client has had one preterm birth, not two. She has had one abortion, not zero. She has two living children, not three.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A Reason: Two arteries, one vein. This is because two arteries and one vein are the normal components of the umbilical cord, which is a structure that connects the fetus to the placenta and provides blood circulation between them. The umbilical cord carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical vein, and deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta through the umbilical arteries.
Choice B Reason: Two veins, one artery. This is an incorrect answer that indicates an abnormal anatomy of the umbilical cord, which is known as single umbilical artery (SUA). SUA is a condition where there is only one umbilical artery instead of two, which can reduce blood flow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. SUA can be associated with congenital anomalies or growth restriction in some cases.
Choice C Reason: Two veins, two arteries. This is an incorrect answer that indicates an abnormal anatomy of the umbilical cord, which is known as double umbilical vein (DUV). DUV is a condition where there are two umbilical veins instead of one, which can increase blood flow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. DUV can be associated with fetal overgrowth or polycythemia in some cases.
Choice D Reason: One artery, one vein. This is an incorrect answer that indicates an abnormal anatomy of the umbilical cord, which is also known as single umbilical artery (SUA). SUA is a condition where there is only one umbilical artery instead of two, which can reduce blood flow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. SUA can be associated with congenital anomalies or growth restriction in some cases.
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