Analyze the following clinical manifestations and determine whether they are characteristic of Anticholinergic or Cholinergic Toxicity.
Hypertension
Urinary Retention
Diaphoresis
Bronchoconstriction
Salivation
Hyperthermia
The Correct Answer is {"A":{"answers":"A"},"B":{"answers":"A"},"C":{"answers":"B"},"D":{"answers":"B"},"E":{"answers":"B"},"F":{"answers":"A"}}
- Hypertension: Seen in anticholinergic toxicity due to decreased parasympathetic tone and possible unopposed sympathetic stimulation. The body's inability to relax vascular tone may contribute to elevated blood pressure.
- Urinary Retention: A classic feature of anticholinergic toxicity. Inhibition of muscarinic receptors leads to impaired detrusor muscle contraction, making urination difficult or impossible.
- Hyperthermia: Results from inhibited sweating (anhidrosis), which is a hallmark of anticholinergic toxicity. Without the ability to cool through evaporation, body temperature rises dangerously.
- Diaphoresis: Excessive sweating is mediated by muscarinic receptor activation in cholinergic toxicity. It's often part of the SLUDGE symptoms seen in organophosphate poisoning or cholinesterase inhibitor overdose.
- Bronchoconstriction: Caused by overstimulation of muscarinic receptors in the airways, leading to narrowed bronchi and increased respiratory secretions — a dangerous feature of cholinergic excess.
- Salivation: Prominent in cholinergic toxicity due to unopposed parasympathetic activation. It may occur along with lacrimation, bradycardia, and other signs of excessive cholinergic stimulation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]
Explanation
A. Beta-blockers like metoprolol can mask the signs of hypoglycemia: Metoprolol can blunt adrenergic symptoms such as tachycardia and tremors, which are key warning signs of hypoglycemia. This is especially concerning in diabetic patients who rely on these symptoms for early detection of low blood glucose.
B. It is safe to take additional doses of Sertraline if the patient feels like their symptoms are worsening: Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), must be taken exactly as prescribed. Taking extra doses increases the risk of serotonin syndrome, which can be life-threatening and requires medical supervision for dosage adjustments.
C. The patient should be monitored for orthostatic hypotension: Older adults taking medications like metoprolol and triazolam are at increased risk for orthostatic hypotension due to vasodilation and CNS depression. Monitoring helps prevent falls and syncope, especially when changing positions.
D. Oxycodone can be used long-term without risk of physical dependence: Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic and carries a high risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction when used long-term. Even when used appropriately, patients can develop dependence, necessitating careful monitoring.
E. The combination of triazolam and oxycodone increases the risk of respiratory depression: Both drugs are CNS depressants, and their combination can have a synergistic effect on respiratory centers in the brain. This raises the risk of severe respiratory depression, particularly in older adults or those with underlying respiratory conditions.
Correct Answer is ["B","D","E","F"]
Explanation
A. Right Pharmacy: While it is important for medications to be obtained from a reliable pharmacy, "Right Pharmacy" is not one of the 10 rights of medication administration. The focus is on ensuring the correct administration process by the nurse or healthcare provider.
B. Right Medication: This is one of the core rights and ensures that the patient receives the exact medication that was prescribed. Verification is essential to avoid medication errors and adverse drug events.
C. Right Physician: Although having accurate prescriptions from a qualified provider is essential, "Right Physician" is not part of the 10 rights. The emphasis is on correct administration to the patient, not the prescriber’s identity.
D. Right Time: Administering medication at the correct time is critical for maintaining therapeutic drug levels, preventing underdosing or overdosing, and optimizing effectiveness especially for time-sensitive medications like insulin or antibiotics.
E. Right Route: Ensuring the medication is given via the prescribed route (oral, IV, subcutaneous, etc.) is vital for proper absorption, action, and safety. Errors in route can lead to severe complications or therapeutic failure.
F. Right Dose: Administering the correct dose is fundamental to achieving the desired therapeutic effect and avoiding toxicity or subtherapeutic dosing. Dosage must always match what is prescribed and appropriate for the patient's age, weight, and condition.
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