Bella studies the role of grandmothers in the development of children by looking at differences between cultural groups in North America and Africa. Bella is most likely interested in which of the following theoretical issues in the study of human development?
Proximal versus distal influences
Nature versus nurture
Universal versus context-specific factors
Quantitative versus qualitative factors
Continuity versus discontinuity
The Correct Answer is C
A. Proximal versus distal influences: This contrasts immediate (proximal) versus more distant (distal) causes; while relevant, Bella’s cross-cultural comparison targets a different theoretical question.
B. Nature versus nurture: This debate concerns biological versus environmental origins of behavior; comparing cultures could inform it, but Bella’s focus on cultural differences in grandmother roles is more about context-specific vs universal patterns.
C. Universal versus context-specific factors: comparing North American and African cultural groups tests whether grandmother roles are universal (same across cultures) or context-specific (vary by culture).
D. Quantitative versus qualitative factors: This contrasts types of differences (amount vs kind); Bella’s question is about cultural patterning, not measurement style.
E. Continuity versus discontinuity: This concerns whether development is gradual or stage-like; Bella’s cross-cultural role analysis isn’t directly addressing that issue.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Industry versus inferiority:School-age stage where competence in skills is central; Pavel’s career/legacy focus is later.
B. Identity versus role confusion:Adolescence stage focused on identity formation, not middle-age productivity.
C. Intimacy versus isolation:Young-adult stage focused on forming intimate relationships, not public-policy contributions.
D. Generativity versus stagnation:middle adulthood stage about contributing to future generations and society (generativity), which matches Pavel’s renewed focus on public policy contributions.
E. Ego integrity versus despair:Late-life stage involving life review and acceptance; Pavel is more active/productive, so not this stage.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. They have difficulty adapting to a different culture:That describes acculturation problems, not the latchkey child phenomenon.
B. They spend after-school hours unsupervised at home:“latchkey children” typically return to an empty home after school and spend unsupervised time there.
C. They lose the ability to comprehend written words:Not a defining feature; literacy is not typically lost because of being a latchkey child.
D. They score between 55 and 70 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales:That IQ range suggests mild intellectual disability and is unrelated to being a latchkey child.
E. They do not perform as well academically as their siblings do:Academic outcomes vary and are not the defining characteristic of latchkey status; sibling comparisons are not part of the definition.
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