Coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and pulmonic stenosis are congenital heart defects in which category?

Obstructive defects

Mixing defects

Decreased pulmonary blood flow

Increased pulmonary blood flow

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Obstructive congenital heart defects involve the presence of narrowing or constriction in various parts of the heart or major blood vessels. In the case of coarctation of the aorta, there is a narrowing or constriction in the aorta, which can obstruct blood flow. Aortic stenosis involves the narrowing of the aortic valve, and pulmonic stenosis involves the narrowing of the pulmonary valve. These defects create obstacles to the normal flow of blood out of the heart, leading to increased pressure within the heart and affecting blood circulation.

The other categories mentioned are:

B. Mixing defects: These defects involve abnormal mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the heart, typically due to septal defects like atrial septal defect (ASD) or ventricular septal defect (VSD).

C. Decreased pulmonary blood flow: These defects are characterized by reduced blood flow to the lungs, such as in the tetralogy of Fallot.

D. Increased pulmonary blood flow: These defects involve increased blood flow to the lungs, often due to shunting of blood from the left side of the heart to the right side, as seen in atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects.

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Correct Answer is E

Explanation

Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. One of the hallmark signs of infective endocarditis is fever, often accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, chills, and joint pain. A persistent fever in a child, especially when associated with other signs or symptoms like new heart murmurs or petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin), can be concerning for infective endocarditis.

The other symptoms and findings listed (proteinuria, ESR, weight gain, hemoglobin levels) are not specific to infective endocarditis and may have other potential causes or interpretations. It is important to consider a comprehensive clinical evaluation and laboratory tests when assessing a child with suspected infective endocarditis.

A. weigh the child daily B. Measure the abdominal girth weekly C. Count the number of wet diapers D. Test the urine for hematuna

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Weighing the child daily (A) is the most accurate and objective method for monitoring fluid retention in a child with nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome can lead to significant fluid retention due to proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. Daily weight measurements can detect even small changes in body weight, which may be indicative of fluid accumulation. It is a sensitive and specific measure for assessing fluid status.
B. Measuring the abdominal girth weekly (B) can provide some information about abdominal distension, but it is not as precise or sensitive as daily weight measurements. Weight gain or loss can occur without significant changes in abdominal girth, especially in children.
C. Counting the number of wet diapers (C) may provide some information about urinary output, but it does not directly measure overall fluid retention or body weight changes. It is not as reliable as daily weight measurements for assessing fluid status.
D. Testing the urine for hematuria (D) is a valuable diagnostic test to assess kidney function and the presence of blood in the urine, but it does not directly measure fluid retention. Hematuria is not typically the primary indicator of fluid overload in nephrotic syndrome.
In summary, daily weight measurements are the best way to monitor fluid retention in a child with nephrotic syndrome, as they provide a direct and objective assessment of changes in fluid status. This allows healthcare providers to make timely adjustments to the child's treatment plan if necessary.

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Coarctation of the aorta, aortic stenosis, and pulmonic stenosis are congenital heart defects in which category?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A pediatric nurse is concerned that her patient is exhibiting signs of infective endocarditis. Which of the following symptoms would lead the nurse to suspect that diagnosis?

Correct Answer is E

Explanation

in a non-potty trained child with nephrotic syndrome is the best way to detect fluid retention?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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