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Epithelial cells are attached to one another by

A.

tight junctions

B.

gap junctions

C.

desmosomes

D.

both A and B

E.

both A and C

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is E

A. tight junctions: Tight junctions form a seal between epithelial cells, preventing leakage of substances between them and helping maintain distinct apical and basal cell surfaces. They are essential for barrier functions in epithelial tissue.

B. gap junctions: Gap junctions provide channels for communication and ion exchange between cells rather than strong attachment. While important for coordination, they are not the main structures that firmly hold epithelial cells together.

C. desmosomes: Desmosomes are anchoring junctions that strongly attach epithelial cells to each other, providing structural integrity and resistance to mechanical stress. They are vital in tissues subject to stretching.

D. both A and B: While tight junctions are involved in attachment, gap junctions serve mainly for communication rather than physical adhesion.

E. both A and C: Epithelial cells are held together primarily by tight junctions for sealing and desmosomes for strength, combining barrier function with mechanical support.


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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. transcription:Transcription is the process by which the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA then exits the nucleus and carries the genetic code to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

B. replication:Replication is the process of copying the entire DNA molecule to produce two identical DNA strands during cell division. It does not produce mRNA and does not involve transporting genetic information out of the nucleus,

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. dehydration:Massive third-degree burns destroy the skin barrier, allowing significant fluid loss through evaporation. This leads to hypovolemic shock, which is the most immediate and life-threatening concern after a severe burn.

B. unbearable pain:Third-degree burns often destroy nerve endings in the affected area, so pain may be minimal at the burn site itself. Pain is distressing but not the first life-threatening issue.

C. loss of immune function:Severe burns compromise the skin’s protective role, increasing susceptibility to infection. However, immune compromise develops over hours to days, making it a secondary threat compared to fluid loss.

D. infection:Infection is a major risk in burn patients due to the loss of the protective barrier, but it typically develops later. Immediate fluid loss poses a more urgent threat to life in the first hours following the burn.

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