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Epithelial cells are attached to one another by

A.

tight junctions

B.

gap junctions

C.

desmosomes

D.

both A and B

E.

both A and C

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is E

A. tight junctions: Tight junctions form a seal between epithelial cells, preventing leakage of substances between them and helping maintain distinct apical and basal cell surfaces. They are essential for barrier functions in epithelial tissue.

B. gap junctions: Gap junctions provide channels for communication and ion exchange between cells rather than strong attachment. While important for coordination, they are not the main structures that firmly hold epithelial cells together.

C. desmosomes: Desmosomes are anchoring junctions that strongly attach epithelial cells to each other, providing structural integrity and resistance to mechanical stress. They are vital in tissues subject to stretching.

D. both A and B: While tight junctions are involved in attachment, gap junctions serve mainly for communication rather than physical adhesion.

E. both A and C: Epithelial cells are held together primarily by tight junctions for sealing and desmosomes for strength, combining barrier function with mechanical support.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. a cutaneous plexus:The cutaneous plexus is a network of blood vessels located in the dermis that supplies nutrients to the skin. It is not related to the formation of dermal folds or lines at joints.

B. cleavage lines:Cleavage lines, or tension lines, indicate the natural orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis. They guide surgical incisions for optimal healing but do not specifically form at joint folds.

C. flexure lines:Flexure lines are dermal folds that occur at or near joints, such as the wrist, fingers, and elbows. They allow the skin to bend and stretch without tearing, forming permanent creases where the skin is tightly bound to underlying structures.

D. friction ridges:Friction ridges are the raised patterns on the fingers, palms, and soles that enhance grip. They are not associated with joint folds or skin creases.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

False:Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid only under anaerobic conditions, when oxygen is insufficient for the mitochondria to carry out aerobic respiration. When oxygen is present, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and is converted into acetyl CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle for aerobic respiration. Lactic acid formation does not occur under these oxygen-rich conditions.

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