Gestational diabetes is: (Select All that Apply.)

Choice A reason: Low white blood cell (WBC) count is not related to the development of diabetes. WBCs are part of the immune system and are involved in fighting infections. Diabetes is primarily associated with issues related to insulin, either its production or the body's response to it.

Choice B reason: Lack of insulin secretion is a primary cause of type 1 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body cannot produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels. Insulin therapy is required to manage blood glucose levels in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

Choice C reason: Low red blood cell (RBC) count, or anemia, is not a cause of diabetes. RBCs are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. While anemia can occur in individuals with diabetes due to various complications, it is not a direct cause of the condition.

Choice D reason: Resistance to insulin is a primary cause of type 2 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, making it difficult for glucose to enter the cells. As a result, the pancreas produces more insulin to compensate, but eventually, it cannot keep up with the demand, leading to high blood glucose levels. Lifestyle changes, oral medications, and insulin therapy are often used to manage type 2 diabetes.

Choice A reason: The most obvious and common clinical manifestation of kidney stones is severe pain, often described as excruciating and colicky. This pain is typically located in the back or side, just below the ribs, and may radiate to the lower abdomen and groin. The pain occurs as the stone moves through the urinary tract, causing irritation and blockage. This intense pain is often what prompts individuals to seek medical attention and is a hallmark symptom of kidney stones.

Choice B reason: Tachycardia, or an increased heart rate, may occur as a secondary response to the severe pain caused by kidney stones, but it is not the primary clinical manifestation. Tachycardia can be a symptom of many other conditions and is not specific to kidney stones.

Choice C reason: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is not a direct manifestation of kidney stones. While there may be some association between kidney stone disease and hypertension, the primary symptom of kidney stones is pain, not elevated blood pressure.

Choice D reason: Edema, or swelling, is not a typical clinical manifestation of kidney stones. Edema is more commonly associated with conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, and certain vascular disorders. Kidney stones primarily cause pain and urinary symptoms rather than generalized swelling.