Which of the following is not true of type 1 diabetes?

Choice A reason: The overall goal of treatment for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range and prevent complications. While the strategies to achieve these goals may differ, the ultimate objectives are similar for both types of diabetes.

Choice B reason: The treatment for type 1 diabetes primarily involves insulin therapy, as the body cannot produce insulin. In contrast, type 2 diabetes treatment often starts with lifestyle changes and oral medications to improve insulin sensitivity and control blood glucose levels. Insulin therapy may be required later in the course of type 2 diabetes if other treatments are insufficient.

Choice C reason: Both types of diabetes are diagnosed using similar criteria, including measuring blood glucose levels through fasting blood glucose tests, oral glucose tolerance tests, and HbA1c levels. The diagnosis process itself is not a major differentiating factor between the two types.

Choice D reason: The potential long-term complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are similar and include cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and other complications related to prolonged high blood glucose levels. While the risk factors and progression may vary, the types of complications are not significantly different between the two conditions.

Choice A reason: The primary distinction between ALL and AML is the type of cell that becomes cancerous. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) affects the lymphoid cell line. Lymphoid cells, or lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system, helping the body to fight infections. There are three types of lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. In ALL, the malignant transformation of these lymphocytes occurs, leading to an overproduction of immature lymphoid cells, or lymphoblasts. These lymphoblasts crowd out normal blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to symptoms such as anemia, susceptibility to infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.

Choice B reason: While it is true that ALL is more prevalent in children and AML is more common in adults, this age distribution is not the primary distinguishing feature between the two types of leukemia. ALL represents about 75% of pediatric leukemia cases, typically affecting children between 2 and 5 years old, while AML is more commonly diagnosed in adults, with the incidence increasing with age. However, both types can occur at any age, and the age of onset alone is not sufficient to distinguish between them. The differentiation based on cell type remains the most significant factor.

Choice C reason: Clinical manifestations of ALL and AML can be very similar because both involve the proliferation of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow, which disrupts normal blood cell production. Common symptoms include fatigue, frequent infections, fever, weight loss, easy bruising or bleeding, and bone pain. These symptoms result from the overproduction of immature leukemic cells and the subsequent suppression of normal hematopoiesis. Although there may be some differences in presentation based on the specific cell types involved, clinical manifestations are not the primary basis for differentiating between ALL and AML.

Choice D reason: The diagnostic tests used for ALL and AML are quite similar and typically include complete blood counts (CBC), bone marrow biopsy, and flow cytometry to identify the types of cells involved. Cytogenetic and molecular studies are also used to detect specific genetic abnormalities associated with each type of leukemia. While certain markers and genetic mutations may differ between ALL and AML, the overall approach to diagnosis involves similar testing methods. Therefore, the primary difference between the two leukemias lies in the cell type affected rather than the specific diagnostic tests used.