In contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system include:

sweating

Pupil dilation

Vasoconstriction

Anabolism

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A) Sweating: Sweating is a function of the sympathetic nervous system, not the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which includes activating sweat glands. The parasympathetic system, in contrast, is more involved in "rest and digest" functions.

B) Pupil dilation: Pupil dilation (mydriasis) is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system through the activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. The parasympathetic system causes pupil constriction (miosis) by stimulating muscarinic receptors in the eye, which is the opposite of pupil dilation.

C) Vasoconstriction: Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) is generally a
function of the sympathetic nervous system, which releases norepinephrine to constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure. The parasympathetic system typically causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) to promote relaxation and decreased blood pressure.

D) Anabolism: Anabolism refers to the metabolic processes that build up molecules and store energy, such as protein synthesis, cell growth, and energy storage. This is primarily mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system, which is involved in "rest and digest" functions. The parasympathetic system promotes activities that support energy conservation, digestion, and tissue repair, all of which support anabolic processes.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Norepinephrine (Levophed): Norepinephrine is a potent vasoconstrictor primarily used in acute hypotensive states to raise blood pressure. It is not indicated for the treatment of seasonal rhinitis, as its primary effect is not on the nasal passages or the symptoms associated with allergies, such as congestion.

B) Dopamine (Intropin): Dopamine is typically used in critical care settings for conditions such as shock and low blood pressure. While it affects dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors to improve renal perfusion and increase heart rate, it is not used to treat conditions like seasonal rhinitis, which involve nasal congestion.

C) Ephedrine (generic): Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug that stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction in the nasal passages and a reduction in swelling and congestion. This makes it a suitable choice for managing the symptoms of seasonal rhinitis, as it helps relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.

D) Dobutamine (Dobutrex): Dobutamine is primarily used in the treatment of heart failure and shock because it increases heart rate and cardiac output. It does not have the properties needed to alleviate nasal congestion in rhinitis and is therefore not appropriate for this condition.

A. Norepinephrine B. Dopamine C. Acetylcholine D. Enkephalin

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is a potent vasoconstrictor primarily used in cases of shock to increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. However, it does not have a vasodilatory effect on renal blood vessels. Instead, it tends to decrease renal perfusion due to its strong vasoconstrictor properties, which could worsen renal insufficiency.

B) Dopamine: Dopamine is a catecholamine that has a dose-dependent effect on various receptors. At low doses, dopamine specifically acts on dopaminergic receptors in the kidneys, leading to vasodilation of renal blood vessels, which can improve renal perfusion. This makes it particularly useful in treating shock when there is concern about renal insufficiency or reduced kidney function.

C) Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, not a catecholamine. It is involved in promoting various physiological effects such as slowing the heart rate and stimulating digestive processes, but it does not have a specific role in vasodilation of renal blood vessels or shock management.

D) Enkephalin: Enkephalins are endogenous peptides involved in the regulation of pain and stress responses. They do not have a direct effect on vasodilation of renal blood vessels. Enkephalins are not typically used to treat shock or manage renal insufficiency.

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In contrast to the sympathetic nervous system, the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system include:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient comes to the clinic complaining of seasonal rhinitis. What adrenergic agonist will be prescribed for seasonal rhinitis?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Which of the following catecholamines may have a vasodilator effect on renal blood vessels and be prescribed for a client in shock who are experiencing renal insufficiency manifestations?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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