In the SPICES assessment tool the "C" stands for

A. Orthostatic hypotension
This is a cardiovascular complaint, not a respiratory one. It refers to a drop in blood pressure upon standing.

B. Exertional dyspnea
As lung elasticity and chest wall compliance decrease with age, shortness of breath during activity is a common respiratory complaint in older adults.

C. Inability to breathe
This is a severe and acute symptom that requires emergency care, not a common age-related complaint.

D. Increased respirations
Tachypnea may indicate illness (e.g., infection, heart failure), but it is not a routine complaint in healthy aging.

A. Turn out the lights in client's room at night

This can increase confusion or fear in clients with dementia, especially at night (sundowning). A nightlight is preferred to reduce disorientation.

B. Restrain the client during the nighttime hours

Physical restraints can increase agitation, injury, and are not recommended unless absolutely necessary. This is not a first-line intervention.

C. Provide continuous orientation to the client

Frequent reorientation helps reduce confusion. Strategies like using clocks, calendars, and familiar items are beneficial in managing sundowning and wandering.

D. Place the client’s mattress on the floor

This may help prevent injury from falls but does not address the cause of agitation or wandering. It’s a safety measure, not a therapeutic one.