Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?
Increased viscosity.
Increased blood pressure.
Increased vessel radius.
Increased afterload.
Decreased vasomotion.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Increased viscosity directly impedes blood flow. Viscosity refers to the "thickness" or internal friction of a fluid. Higher viscosity, often due to increased hematocrit or plasma protein concentration, increases resistance to flow, requiring greater pressure to maintain the same flow rate, thus reducing velocity according to Poiseuille's Law.
Choice B rationale
Increased blood pressure provides a greater driving force for blood flow. According to Ohm's Law for fluid flow, flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure gradient. Therefore, a higher pressure propels blood through vessels more quickly, leading to an increased velocity of blood flow, assuming resistance remains constant.
Choice C rationale
Increased vessel radius significantly decreases resistance to blood flow. Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius (Poiseuille's Law). A larger lumen allows blood to flow with less friction against the vessel walls, thereby increasing the velocity of blood flow for a given pressure gradient.
Choice D rationale
Increased afterload refers to the resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood. While increased afterload initially reduces stroke volume, the body often compensates with increased contractility or heart rate. However, a sustained increase in systemic vascular resistance, a major component of afterload, can reduce the overall systemic blood flow velocity by increasing the impedance to ejection.
Choice E rationale
Decreased vasomotion implies reduced changes in vessel diameter, potentially leading to less efficient blood distribution and potentially increased overall peripheral resistance if arterioles remain constricted. Reduced vasomotion might hinder the body's ability to adjust blood flow to meet metabolic demands, potentially decreasing localized or overall blood flow velocity.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
While the immune response originates in specific organs like the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, this statement describes the origin of immune cells and processes, not the fundamental characteristic of specificity, which relates to targeting particular antigens.
Choice B rationale
Similar to Choice A, the immune response involves specialized tissues throughout the body, such as lymphoid tissues. However, this describes the anatomical distribution of the immune system rather than the core principle of specificity in recognizing unique pathogens.
Choice C rationale
The immune response is indeed carried out by specific groups of cells, such as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, which have specialized functions. However, while these cells contribute to specificity, the most direct definition of specificity in immunity is the targeted response against a particular pathogen or antigen.
Choice D rationale
Specificity in immunity means that the immune system's response is highly targeted and precise. Each specific B and T lymphocyte is programmed to recognize and respond to a particular epitope (a specific molecular structure) on a pathogen, ensuring that the immune response is directed only against the invading microbe.
Choice E rationale
The immune response involves specialized tissues. However, this statement focuses on the location rather than the fundamental characteristic of specificity, which refers to the precise recognition and targeting of a particular pathogen or antigen by immune cells.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The radial artery is a major artery in the forearm, running along the thumb side. It is a common site for pulse palpation and arterial blood gas sampling due to its superficial location. However, it typically terminates by contributing to the deep palmar arch, not forming the superficial palmar arch directly.
Choice B rationale
The superficial palmar arch is a vascular arcade formed primarily by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery, with a contribution from the radial artery. This arch is located just beneath the palmar aponeurosis and gives rise to the common digital arteries, supplying blood to the fingers.
Choice C rationale
Common digital arteries originate from the superficial palmar arch and run distally along the metacarpals. They then bifurcate into proper digital arteries, which supply the individual digits. These are branches of the arch, not the arch itself.
Choice D rationale
The brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery and is the main arterial supply to the arm. It typically bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa, well before reaching the hand to form palmar arches.
Choice E rationale
The ulnar artery is the larger terminal branch of the brachial artery, descending along the medial side of the forearm. Its superficial branch is the primary contributor to the superficial palmar arch, making it a key vessel in the hand's vascular supply.
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