Maternal mortality in the United States is the lowest of any industrialized country.

Choice A rationale

Hemabate (carboprost) is a prostaglandin analog that induces uterine contractions, effectively reducing bleeding. It is often used when first-line agents fail to control postpartum hemorrhage.

Choice B rationale

Terbutaline is a tocolytic agent used to delay premature labor by relaxing uterine muscles. It is contraindicated in postpartum hemorrhage as it inhibits uterine contraction, worsening bleeding.

Choice C rationale

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions by acting on oxytocin receptors in the myometrium. It is the first-line treatment for postpartum hemorrhage to promote hemostasis through uterine contraction.

Choice D rationale

Methergine (methylergonovine) enhances uterine tone and decreases bleeding by inducing sustained contractions via stimulation of uterine smooth muscle serotonin and alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Choice A rationale

Surfactant reduces alveolar surface tension, improving lung compliance and facilitating gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, critical in addressing respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.

Choice B rationale

Periodic apnea in premature infants is a neurological immaturity issue, not directly addressed by surfactant, which targets alveolar function in the lungs.

Choice C rationale

Surfactant does not possess antimicrobial properties; it functions to stabilize alveoli, not to combat respiratory infections.

Choice D rationale

Sedation requirements for infants are unrelated to surfactant therapy, which works mechanically in the lungs rather than through central nervous system effects.