Mr. Smart is an 80-year-old patient who goes to see his primary care physician for complaints of nocturia. What is the patient experiencing?

Painful urination.

Frequent urination at night.

Bladder incontinence.

An inability to void.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Painful urination, or dysuria, involves discomfort during voiding, often due to urinary tract infections or inflammation. It is not synonymous with nocturia, which specifically refers to frequent nighttime urination. Dysuria requires distinct clinical evaluation, including urinalysis, to identify causes like bacterial infection or urethral irritation, making this an incorrect description of the patient’s complaint.

Choice B reason: Nocturia is the medical term for frequent urination at night, disrupting sleep. In elderly patients, it may result from reduced bladder capacity, overactive bladder, or conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. This matches the patient’s complaint, as it directly addresses the symptom without implying unrelated issues like pain or incontinence, making it the accurate choice.

Choice C reason: Bladder incontinence involves involuntary urine leakage, distinct from nocturia, which is voluntary urination at night. Incontinence may stem from neurological disorders or weakened pelvic muscles but does not describe the patient’s symptom of frequent nighttime voiding. This choice is incorrect, as it misaligns with the clinical presentation described.

Choice D reason: An inability to void, or urinary retention, is the opposite of nocturia, where the patient voids frequently. Retention may result from obstructions like an enlarged prostate or neurological issues, requiring catheterization or imaging for diagnosis. This choice does not reflect the patient’s symptom of active, frequent urination at night.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: White patches on the tongue and mouth with dysphagia indicate oral thrush, a Candida albicans infection, common in hospitalized patients due to immunosuppression or antibiotics. Antifungal treatment is needed to prevent esophageal spread. Accurate diagnosis ensures timely therapy, critical for relieving symptoms and avoiding complications in vulnerable patients.

Choice B reason: Bad breath (halitosis) may accompany oral issues but doesn’t cause white patches or dysphagia, which indicate thrush. Assuming bad breath misdiagnoses the condition, delaying antifungal treatment and risking progression of Candida infection, potentially leading to systemic complications in long-term hospitalized patients with compromised immunity.

Choice C reason: Oral ulcers cause painful sores, not white patches or widespread dysphagia, unlike thrush’s creamy lesions. Misidentifying as ulcers risks inappropriate treatment, delaying antifungals needed for Candida. This error could worsen swallowing difficulties, compromising nutrition and recovery in hospitalized patients with suspected oral infections.

Choice D reason: Assuming nothing ignores white patches and dysphagia, clear signs of oral thrush in hospitalized patients. Neglecting these risks untreated Candida infection, potentially spreading to the esophagus or systemically, especially in immunocompromised patients. Prompt recognition and antifungal therapy are critical to prevent complications and ensure patient comfort.

A. Gender B. Physical environment C. Economic stability D. Access to health care

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Gender, while influencing health outcomes, is not a social determinant of health, which includes modifiable environmental and societal factors like income or housing. Gender is a biological and social characteristic, not an external condition shaping health access or outcomes, making it the correct answer.

Choice B reason: Physical environment, including housing, air quality, and access to green spaces, is a social determinant of health. It directly impacts health outcomes by influencing exposure to pollutants or access to safe living conditions, making it a valid factor in health disparities.

Choice C reason: Economic stability, encompassing income, employment, and financial security, is a social determinant of health. It affects access to healthcare, nutrition, and stress levels, significantly influencing health outcomes, making it a critical factor in public health frameworks.

Choice D reason: Access to health care, including availability of services and insurance, is a social determinant of health. It determines timely medical interventions and preventive care, directly affecting health outcomes, making it a key component in health equity discussions.

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Mr. Smart is an 80-year-old patient who goes to see his primary care physician for complaints of nocturia. What is the patient experiencing?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A patient who has been in the hospital for 3 months starts to experience white patches on their tongue and roof of their mouth, they also have trouble swallowing, what do they likely have?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

What is not a social determinant of health in the below?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

To assess for cranial nerve XI, we would instruct the client to:

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