Mr. Smart is an 80-year-old patient who goes to see his primary care physician for complaints of nocturia. What is the patient experiencing?
Painful urination.
Frequent urination at night.
Bladder incontinence.
An inability to void.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Painful urination, or dysuria, involves discomfort during voiding, often due to urinary tract infections or inflammation. It is not synonymous with nocturia, which specifically refers to frequent nighttime urination. Dysuria requires distinct clinical evaluation, including urinalysis, to identify causes like bacterial infection or urethral irritation, making this an incorrect description of the patient’s complaint.
Choice B reason: Nocturia is the medical term for frequent urination at night, disrupting sleep. In elderly patients, it may result from reduced bladder capacity, overactive bladder, or conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia. This matches the patient’s complaint, as it directly addresses the symptom without implying unrelated issues like pain or incontinence, making it the accurate choice.
Choice C reason: Bladder incontinence involves involuntary urine leakage, distinct from nocturia, which is voluntary urination at night. Incontinence may stem from neurological disorders or weakened pelvic muscles but does not describe the patient’s symptom of frequent nighttime voiding. This choice is incorrect, as it misaligns with the clinical presentation described.
Choice D reason: An inability to void, or urinary retention, is the opposite of nocturia, where the patient voids frequently. Retention may result from obstructions like an enlarged prostate or neurological issues, requiring catheterization or imaging for diagnosis. This choice does not reflect the patient’s symptom of active, frequent urination at night.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Head protrusions are not expected in older adults; they may indicate abnormal growths or trauma, requiring investigation. Thinning hair is a normal aging change. Assuming protrusions are expected risks missing serious conditions like tumors, delaying diagnosis and treatment critical for ensuring safety in elderly patients.
Choice B reason: Asymmetry of facial features is not a normal aging variation; it may suggest stroke or Bell’s palsy, needing urgent evaluation. Thinning hair is expected due to hormonal changes. Assuming asymmetry is normal risks overlooking neurological issues, delaying interventions critical for older adults’ health and functional outcomes.
Choice C reason: Thinning hair is an expected aging variation, resulting from reduced hair follicle activity and hormonal changes in older adults. Unlike vertigo or asymmetry, it’s benign and doesn’t require intervention unless cosmetic. Recognizing this ensures accurate assessment, focusing on abnormal findings like vertigo that need medical attention in elderly patients.
Choice D reason: Vertigo is not an expected aging variation; it may indicate inner ear disorders or neurological issues, requiring evaluation. Thinning hair is a normal change. Assuming vertigo is expected risks delaying diagnosis of treatable conditions like BPPV, compromising safety and quality of life in older adults.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: The gastrointestinal tract does not provide oxygen to organs; this is the respiratory and circulatory systems’ role, delivering oxygen via lungs and blood. The GI tract focuses on digestion, absorption, and waste elimination, making this function unrelated to its physiological responsibilities.
Choice B reason: Elimination of waste is a core gastrointestinal function, achieved through defecation. The large intestine compacts waste into feces, expelling it via the rectum, a critical process for removing indigestible material and toxins, making this a valid GI tract function.
Choice C reason: Digestion of food is a primary gastrointestinal function, involving mechanical and chemical breakdown in the stomach and small intestine. Enzymes and acids process nutrients for absorption, a fundamental GI role, making this choice a correct description of its physiological tasks.
Choice D reason: Removing water-soluble waste is a gastrointestinal function, as the colon reabsorbs water, concentrating waste for elimination. This process ensures efficient waste management, distinguishing it from renal functions, making this a valid role of the GI tract in waste handling.
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