What are the possible consequences of inadequate weight gain during pregnancy for the infant?
Diabetes mellitus.
Down syndrome.
Spina bifida.
Intrauterine growth restriction.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Diabetes mellitus is not a direct consequence of inadequate weight gain during pregnancy for the infant. However, maternal diabetes can increase the risk of fetal macrosomia (large birth weight), congenital anomalies, and neonatal hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in the infant.
Choice B reason: Down syndrome is not a direct consequence of inadequate weight gain during pregnancy for the infant. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the cells of the fetus. The risk of having a baby with Down syndrome increases with maternal age, but it is not related to maternal weight or nutrition².
Choice C reason: Spina bifida is not a direct consequence of inadequate weight gain during pregnancy for the infant. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly in the fetus. The main risk factor for spina bifida is a lack of folic acid (a B vitamin) in the mother's diet before and during pregnancy.
Choice D reason: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition in which the fetus does not grow as expected and has a low birth weight. IUGR can have many causes, such as placental problems, infections, chromosomal abnormalities, and maternal factors. One of the maternal factors that can contribute to IUGR is inadequate weight gain during pregnancy, especially in underweight women. IUGR can increase the risk of complications for the infant, such as preterm birth, low Apgar score, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and breathing problems⁵.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Syphilis is a bacterial STI caused by Treponema pallidum. It is characterized by three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. It can cause serious complications such as neurosyphilis, cardiovascular syphilis, and congenital syphilis. However, it is not the most common bacterial STI.
Choice B reason: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. It is not a STI, but rather an opportunistic infection that can affect the vagina, mouth, skin, or other mucous membranes. It can cause symptoms such as itching, burning, discharge, and inflammation.
Choice C reason: Gonorrhea is a bacterial STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can infect the urethra, cervix, rectum, throat, or eyes. It can cause symptoms such as dysuria, discharge, pelvic pain, and bleeding. It can also lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, infertility, and disseminated gonococcal infection. However, it is not the most common bacterial STI.
Choice D reason: Chlamydia is a bacterial STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the most common bacterial STI, affecting about 2.86 million people in the United States in 2018. It can infect the urethra, cervix, rectum, throat, or eyes. It can cause symptoms such as dysuria, discharge, pelvic pain, and bleeding. It can also lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not a good intervention, as it may worsen the symptoms of faintness, dizziness, and agitation. Standing up can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure (orthostatic hypotension), which can reduce the blood flow to the brain and the fetus. This can cause lightheadedness, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness in the woman, as well as fetal distress or hypoxia.
Choice B reason: This is not a good intervention, as it may also worsen the symptoms of faintness, dizziness, and agitation. Lying supine can cause compression of the inferior vena cava (a large vein that returns blood to the heart) by the gravid uterus, which can reduce the cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart) and the blood pressure. This can cause nausea, sweating, and visual disturbances in the woman, as well as fetal distress or hypoxia.
Choice C reason: This is not a good intervention, as it may not improve the symptoms of faintness, dizziness, and agitation. Sitting down and holding the arm in a dependent position can lower the blood pressure in the arm, but not in the rest of the body. This can cause inaccurate readings of the blood pressure and delay the detection of hypotension or hypertension. This can also cause discomfort and pain in the arm due to impaired circulation.
Choice D reason: This is the best intervention, as it can relieve the symptoms of faintness, dizziness, and agitation by improving the blood flow to the brain and the fetus. Turning to the left side can reduce the pressure of the uterus on the inferior vena cava and increase the cardiac output and the blood pressure. This can also optimize the placental perfusion (the blood flow to the placenta) and the fetal oxygenation.
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