a nurse is teaching a class about physical manifestations associated with the fight-or-flight response to stress.
Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include?

Choice A rationale
Skeletal muscles do not enable the heart to contract with each heartbeat. The heart has its own specialized muscle tissue known as cardiac muscle, which allows it to contract and pump blood throughout the body.
Choice B rationale
Skeletal muscles do not enable the bladder to contract during voiding. The detrusor muscle, a smooth muscle found in the wall of the bladder, contracts during urination to expel urine from the body.
Choice C rationale
Skeletal muscles do not enable the bronchioles to dilate in the lungs. The dilation and constriction of the bronchioles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchioles.
Choice D rationale
Skeletal muscles do enable a hand to contract and form a fist. Skeletal muscles are responsible for all voluntary movements, including making a fist. When you want to make a fist, your brain sends a signal to the skeletal muscles in your hand and forearm, telling them to contract. This pulls on the tendons connected to your fingers, causing them to move and form a fist.

Choice A rationale
Experiencing poverty can indeed be a source of chronic stress due to the ongoing hardships and struggles associated with financial instability. However, it is not typically classified as an example of acute stress, which is usually associated with a specific event or situation that causes a sudden and intense reaction.
Choice B rationale
Being a victim of a crime is a prime example of an acute stressor. This is because it is a specific event that can cause immediate emotional and physiological reactions. The individual may experience intense feelings of fear, shock, or distress, and these reactions typically occur immediately after the event.
Choice C rationale
Being part of a dysfunctional family can lead to chronic stress due to ongoing family conflicts, communication problems, or other issues. While specific incidents within the family context (like a heated argument) could potentially trigger acute stress responses, the overall experience of living in a dysfunctional family is more commonly associated with chronic stress.
Choice D rationale
Experiencing racism can lead to both acute and chronic stress. Acute stress might occur in response to a specific incident of racial discrimination, while chronic stress could result from living in a society where racism is pervasive. However, without a specific incident mentioned, it is less likely to be considered an example of acute stress compared to being a victim of a crime.