A nurse is instructing a newly licensed nurse about age-related changes to vision in older adult patients.
Which of the following should the nurse include as an example of an expected age-related change?

Choice A rationale
Socioeconomic stressors are related to a person’s social and economic status. Homelessness is a clear example of a socioeconomic stressor, as it is often caused by factors such as unemployment, poverty, and lack of affordable housing.
Choice B rationale
Adventitious stressors are unexpected and often traumatic events that occur outside of the normal course of life. These could include natural disasters, accidents, or violent crimes. While homelessness can be traumatic, it is not considered an adventitious stressor because it is related to the individual’s social and economic circumstances.
Choice C rationale
Developmental stressors are those that occur as a result of going through the normal stages of life, such as starting school, getting a job, getting married, having children, and retiring. Homelessness is not a developmental stressor because it is not a normal or expected part of life.
Choice D rationale
Cultural stressors are related to a person’s cultural background and experiences. While culture can influence a person’s socioeconomic status, homelessness itself is not a cultural stressor.

Choice A rationale
As people age, the stiffness of the arterial system increases, leading to left ventricle hypertrophy, increased afterload on the left ventricle, and an increase in systolic blood pressure. This is a physiological change that occurs with aging.
Choice B rationale
With aging, the number of cells in the kidneys decreases markedly, which can affect the functioning of the urinary tract, including the bladder. This can lead to a reduced bladder capacity.
Choice C rationale
This statement is incorrect. As people age, they often experience a decrease in visual acuity and an increased sensitivity to glare. This can make it more difficult for older adults to see, especially in brightly lit environments.
Choice D rationale
Dehydration of intervertebral discs is a common occurrence with aging. This can lead to a decrease in height and changes in the curvature of the spine.
Choice E rationale
As people age, their cough reflex can become reduced. This can increase the risk of aspiration and pneumonia, especially in individuals with other health conditions that affect swallowing.