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Select the risk factors for cancer of the penis. Select all that apply.

Smoking

High dietary fiber intake

History of genital warts

Alcohol consumption

Age over 70 years

Exposure to sunlight

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,E,G

A. Smoking: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for many cancers, including penile cancer. It weakens the immune system and damages DNA, increasing the risk of cancer development.

B. High dietary fiber intake: High dietary fiber intake is not a risk factor for penile cancer. In fact, a healthy diet rich in fiber can help lower the risk of various cancers, including colorectal cancer, but it is not linked to penile cancer.

C. History of genital warts: A history of genital warts, caused by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), is a significant risk factor for penile cancer. HPV infection can cause changes in penile cells that may lead to cancer.

D. Alcohol consumption: While excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for several cancers (e.g., head and neck, liver, esophageal), it is not consistently identified as a direct or strong independent risk factor for penile cancer

E. Age over 70 years: Older age is a significant risk factor for most cancers, including penile cancer. The incidence of penile cancer generally increases with advancing age, with the majority of cases occurring in men over 60 or 70 years old.

F. Exposure to sunlight: Exposure to sunlight is not a major risk factor for penile cancer. It is more relevant to skin cancers, particularly melanoma, but it does not directly affect the risk of penile cancer.

G. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: HPV infection is one of the most significant risk factors for penile cancer. Certain high-risk strains of HPV such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are directly linked to the development of this cancer.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. 76-year-old female who drinks alcohol daily and is 101 lbs (45 kg) underweight: While alcohol consumption is a risk factor for some cancers, it is not a primary risk factor for renal cancer. Being underweight may be concerning but it does not significantly increase the risk for renal cancer.

B. 61-year-old male who smokes cigarettes and restores old buildings: Smoking is a major risk factor for renal cancer, and occupational exposure to asbestos (common in the restoration of old buildings) increases the risk as well. This combination makes this individual the highest-risk candidate for renal cancer.

C. 53-year-old male who had a urinary tract infection and has type 1 diabetes: While diabetes is a risk factor for kidney disease, it is not a major risk factor for renal cancer. UTIs are more commonly linked to urinary tract issues but do not significantly increase renal cancer risk.

D. 42-year-old female who is addicted to heroin and has hepatitis B: While hepatitis B can lead to liver cancer, it is not a significant risk factor for renal cancer. Heroin use may lead to kidney issues, but it is not strongly linked to renal cancer specifically.

A. 150 ml B. 100 mL C. 200 ml D. 50 mL

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. 150 mL: This calculation is incorrect because the amount of fluid drained includes both the saline solution and the urine. The true urine output is the difference between what was drained and what was instilled.

B. 100 mL: The true urine output is calculated by subtracting the amount of saline instilled from the total output. In this case, 300 mL was drained, and 200 mL was saline. Therefore, 300 mL - 200 mL = 100 mL of true urine output.

C. 200 mL: This would be the amount of saline instilled, not the urine output. The true urine output needs to account for the saline volume that was used in the irrigation process.

D. 50 mL: The correct calculation subtracts the 200 mL of saline from the total 300 mL drained, which gives 100 mL of true urine output, not 50mL.

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Select the risk factors for cancer of the penis. Select all that apply.

Nursing Test Bank

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The nurse is providing information at a health fair. Which of the following clients has the most risk factors for renal cancer?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

In continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) if 200 mL of sterile saline solution is instilled into the bladder and 300 mL of urine and solution are drained out, how much true urine output is calculated?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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