Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation can change these body functions except:
Increase heart rate
Increase blood glucose
Increase GI motility and movement
Increase blood pressure
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A Reason:
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for the “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to perceived threats. One of the primary effects of SNS activation is an increase in heart rate. This is achieved through the release of catecholamines like adrenaline, which stimulate the heart to pump more blood to vital organs and muscles.
Choice B Reason:
Another effect of SNS activation is an increase in blood glucose levels. This occurs because the body needs more energy to respond to stress. The SNS stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, ensuring that muscles and other tissues have enough energy to function effectively during a stressful situation.
Choice C Reason:
The correct answer is that SNS activation does not increase GI motility and movement. In fact, it has the opposite effect. During a “fight or flight” response, the body prioritizes functions that are critical for immediate survival, such as increased heart rate and blood flow to muscles. As a result, non-essential functions like digestion are slowed down. The SNS decreases GI motility and movement to divert energy and blood flow to more critical areas.
Choice D Reason:
SNS activation also leads to an increase in blood pressure. This is achieved by constricting blood vessels and increasing the force of heart contractions. The purpose of this response is to ensure that enough blood and oxygen are delivered to essential organs and muscles during a stressful situation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The statement that the medication will be completely out of the patient’s body after three days is incorrect. The half-life of a drug indicates the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to reduce by half. After one half-life (one day), 50% of the drug remains. After two half-lives (two days), 25% remains. After three half-lives (three days), 12.5% remains. Therefore, some amount of the drug will still be present in the body after three days.
Choice B Reason:
To calculate the amount of medication remaining after three days, we use the half-life formula. Starting with 10 mg, after one day (one half-life), 5 mg remains. After two days (two half-lives), 2.5 mg remains. After three days (three half-lives), 1.25 mg remains. This calculation shows that 1.25 mg of the medication will still be in the patient’s body after three days.
Choice C Reason:
The choice of 5 mg is incorrect because it represents the amount of medication remaining after one half-life (one day), not three half-lives. After one day, 50% of the initial dose remains, which is 5 mg. However, the question asks for the amount remaining after three days.
Choice D Reason:
The choice of 1 mg is also incorrect. After three half-lives, the amount of medication remaining is 12.5% of the initial dose. For an initial dose of 10 mg, this would be 1.25 mg, not 1 mg. The calculation must accurately reflect the reduction by half for each half-life period.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Excretion
Excretion is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine), but also via bile, sweat, saliva, and other routes. While excretion is a crucial phase of pharmacokinetics, it is not directly impacted by the first pass effect. The first pass effect primarily involves the metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation, which occurs prior to the excretion phase.
Choice B: Metabolism
The first pass effect, also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism, significantly impacts the metabolism phase of pharmacokinetics. This phenomenon occurs when a drug is metabolized at a specific location in the body, such as the liver or gut wall, before it reaches systemic circulation. As a result, the concentration of the active drug is reduced, affecting its bioavailability. The liver is the primary site for this metabolic process, where enzymes break down the drug, potentially leading to a significant reduction in its therapeutic effect.
Choice C: Distribution
Distribution refers to the process by which a drug is transported from the bloodstream to various tissues and organs in the body. This phase is influenced by factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and binding to plasma proteins. However, the first pass effect does not directly alter the distribution phase. Instead, it affects the amount of drug that enters systemic circulation, which in turn can influence the extent of distribution.
Choice D: Absorption
Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration. This phase is crucial for determining the onset of a drug’s action. While the first pass effect occurs after absorption, it does not directly change the absorption phase itself. Instead, it affects the drug’s concentration after it has been absorbed and before it reaches systemic circulation.
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