After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to attend physical therapy. This is an example of:
Disease treatment.
Tertiary prevention.
Secondary prevention.
Primary prevention.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A Reason:
Disease treatment refers to the management and care of a patient to combat a disease or condition. This includes interventions aimed at curing the disease, alleviating symptoms, or preventing complications. While physical therapy can be part of disease treatment, in the context of a heart attack, it is more accurately described as a form of tertiary prevention.
Choice B Reason:
Tertiary prevention involves measures taken to reduce the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This includes rehabilitation and efforts to prevent further complications or deterioration. Physical therapy after a heart attack is a classic example of tertiary prevention, as it aims to improve the patient’s quality of life, enhance physical function, and prevent further cardiac events.
Choice C Reason:
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt intervention to prevent the progression of a disease. This includes screening tests and early treatment of conditions to halt or slow their progression. In the case of heart disease, secondary prevention might involve regular monitoring of blood pressure and cholesterol levels to detect and manage risk factors early.
Choice D Reason:
Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of disease before it occurs by reducing risk factors and promoting healthy behaviors. This includes lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation to prevent the development of heart disease in the first place. Physical therapy after a heart attack does not fall under primary prevention, as it is an intervention after the disease has already occurred.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A: Calcium
Calcium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve transmission. While calcium is essential for maintaining overall health, it is not directly associated with changes in blood pH. Calcium levels are tightly regulated by hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin, but these do not significantly influence blood pH.
Choice B: Sodium
Sodium is a major extracellular electrolyte that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Although sodium is vital for maintaining osmotic balance and blood pressure, it does not directly affect blood pH. Sodium levels are primarily controlled by the kidneys and hormones like aldosterone, which do not have a direct impact on the acid-base balance of the blood.
Choice C: Magnesium
Magnesium is involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, and blood glucose control. While magnesium is important for overall health, it does not have a direct role in altering blood pH. Magnesium levels are regulated by the kidneys and are essential for maintaining normal muscle and nerve function, but they do not directly influence the acid-base balance.
Choice D: Potassium
Potassium is a key intracellular electrolyte that plays a significant role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood. Changes in potassium levels can affect the pH of the blood. For example, hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) can lead to acidosis, while hypokalemia (low potassium levels) can lead to alkalosis. Potassium helps regulate the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood, which directly impacts the pH. Therefore, potassium is the electrolyte most closely associated with changes in blood pH.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Norepinephrine is a key neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system during the “fight-or-flight” response. It plays a crucial role in preparing the body to respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles, as well as dilating the airways. These physiological changes are essential for coping with acute stress.
Choice B Reason:
Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal glands in response to stress, but it is primarily associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis rather than the sympathetic nervous system. While cortisol contributes to the body’s overall stress response by increasing blood sugar levels and suppressing the immune system, it is not the primary mediator of the acute “fight-or-flight” response.
Choice C Reason:
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. It is part of the HPA axis and plays a role in the body’s long-term stress response, but it is not directly involved in the immediate activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Choice D Reason:
Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. While it can be involved in the body’s response to stress by ensuring an adequate supply of glucose, it is not a primary mediator of the acute stress response mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
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