Which of the following would NOT be a cause of prerenal failure?
Hemorrhage (bleeding out)
Cirrhosis
Kidney disease
Narrowing of the blood vessels leading to the kidneys
The Correct Answer is C
A. Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage leads to significant blood loss, resulting in decreased blood volume and reduced renal perfusion, which is a common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI).
B. Cirrhosis: Cirrhosis can cause systemic vasodilation and reduced effective circulating volume, leading to decreased renal blood flow and prerenal failure due to impaired kidney perfusion.
C. Kidney disease: Kidney disease itself is an intrinsic (renal) cause of kidney failure, involving direct damage to the kidney tissue, rather than prerenal failure caused by decreased perfusion.
D. Narrowing of the blood vessels leading to the kidneys: Renal artery stenosis reduces blood flow to the kidneys, causing prerenal failure by impairing kidney perfusion despite adequate circulating volume.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Tubular necrosis: Tubular necrosis refers to the death of tubular epithelial cells in the kidneys, commonly due to ischemia or toxins. This is not the primary defect in Potter syndrome, which involves developmental abnormalities rather than acute tubular injury.
B. Renal hyperplasia: Hyperplasia means increased cell number leading to organ enlargement. Potter syndrome typically involves renal hypoplasia or agenesis rather than hyperplasia, so this is not consistent with the syndrome’s defect.
C. Renal failure: Potter syndrome primarily results from bilateral renal agenesis or severe renal dysplasia, leading to absent or nonfunctional kidneys and subsequent renal failure. The lack of functional kidneys leads to oligohydramnios and the characteristic features of Potter syndrome.
D. Renal metaplasia: Metaplasia refers to abnormal transformation of one differentiated tissue type into another. This process is not the main defect in Potter syndrome, which is related to kidney development failure rather than abnormal tissue differentiation.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E"]
Explanation
A. Secretions include amylase: Amylase is a digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas that helps break down carbohydrates. Elevated serum amylase is a common diagnostic marker in acute pancreatitis.
B. Contains proteolytic enzymes that break down dietary proteins: The pancreas produces proteolytic enzymes like trypsin and chymotrypsin, which digest proteins in the small intestine under normal conditions.
C. Pancreatic enzymes auto-digest pancreatic cells and tissue: In acute pancreatitis, premature activation of these enzymes inside the pancreas leads to self-digestion and inflammation of pancreatic tissue.
D. A reversible inflammatory process: Acute pancreatitis is typically reversible with prompt treatment, unlike chronic pancreatitis which involves permanent structural damage and functional loss.
E. Cardinal manifestation is abdominal pain – could be midabdominal, could be epigastric: Severe abdominal pain is the hallmark symptom, commonly located in the epigastric or midabdominal region and may radiate to the back.
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