The client usually has central chest pressure when mowing the lawn that is relieved with rest and nitroglycerin. Today while sitting and reading the paper, he got pain that is now left sided, radiating down his arm, rated “4”. He took 3 nitroglycerin 5 minutes apart without relief. What is the understanding of this situation?

Withhold food and oral fluids before the procedure

Withholding food and oral fluids before the procedure is essential to prevent complications during the cardiac catheterization. The client is typically NPO (nothing by mouth) for a specified period before the procedure.

B. Review medications the client has taken in the last 24 hours

Reviewing the client's medications is crucial to ensure that any medications affecting coagulation or blood vessels are appropriately managed before the cardiac catheterization.

C. Verify that written consent has been obtained

Verifying the presence of written consent is a critical step to confirm that the client has been adequately informed about the procedure, its risks, and benefits, and has given consent for the cardiac catheterization.

D. Check for iodine sensitivity

Checking for iodine sensitivity is important because iodinated contrast dye is commonly used during cardiac catheterization. Allergies or sensitivities to iodine contrast must be identified to prevent adverse reactions.

E. Administer all ordered oral medications

Administration of oral medications before the procedure depends on the specific medications and the healthcare provider's instructions. Some medications may be held, while others may be continued as prescribed.

A. Intake and output:

Intake and output refer to monitoring the amount of fluids a person consumes (intake) and eliminates (output) through urine, feces, and other means. While tracking fluid intake and output is important, it may not provide a direct indication of excess fluid retention.

B. Pitting pedal edema:

Pitting pedal edema is swelling in the lower extremities, particularly the ankles and feet, that leaves an indentation (pit) when pressure is applied. This can be a sign of fluid retention but may not always be the earliest or most reliable indicator.

C. Crackles in the bases of the lungs:

Crackles or rales in the bases of the lungs can be indicative of pulmonary congestion, which may occur due to fluid accumulation. However, crackles alone may not always be specific to fluid overload and can be present in other respiratory conditions.

D. Daily weights:

Daily weights are a critical and sensitive measure for assessing fluid balance. Sudden weight gain, especially over a short period, can be a strong indicator of fluid retention. Monitoring weight on a daily basis helps to detect changes early, allowing for prompt intervention.