An emergency department nurse is assessing an adult woman for a suspected myocardial infarction (MI). When planning the assessment, the nurse should be aware that female patients may have which of the following symptoms for an MI? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Diaphragmatic breathing:

Diaphragmatic breathing, also known as abdominal or deep breathing, is a normal and effective way of breathing. It involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, allowing for efficient lung expansion. This is a healthy and efficient breathing technique.

B. Controlled breathing:

Controlled breathing refers to a deliberate and regulated breathing pattern. It can include techniques such as paced breathing, where the individual consciously controls the rate and depth of their breaths. Controlled breathing is generally considered a positive and intentional approach to managing respiratory function.

C. Pursed-lip breathing:

Pursed-lip breathing is a breathing technique where the individual breathes in through the nose and exhales through pursed lips. This method is often taught to individuals with certain respiratory conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to help improve lung function and alleviate shortness of breath. Pursed-lip breathing can be a helpful strategy in specific situations.

D. Use of accessory muscles:

The use of accessory muscles indicates that the person is experiencing increased difficulty in breathing. Accessory muscles, such as the neck and shoulder muscles, are not typically heavily involved in breathing under normal circumstances. When these muscles are visibly working during breathing, it suggests increased respiratory effort and can be a sign of respiratory distress or difficulty.

A. Frequent change of position:

Frequent changes in position help prevent pooling of secretions and promote lung expansion. This simple and cost-effective measure is important in preventing complications related to immobility, such as pneumonia and atelectasis. It aids in maintaining optimal respiratory function.

B. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and would not directly address the risks associated with decreased mobility.

C. Oxygen humidification: While oxygen therapy may be necessary in some cases, humidification is typically used to prevent drying of mucous membranes and is not a primary intervention for preventing complications of decreased mobility.

D. Chest physiotherapy: Chest physiotherapy involves techniques to mobilize respiratory secretions and may be indicated in specific situations. However, it is not as simple and cost-effective as frequent changes in position.